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. 2016 Jun 10;6:27786. doi: 10.1038/srep27786

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Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited

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(a) Diagram showing origin (0, 0), and anterior tips of upper (ut) and lower (lt) jaws. (b) Kinematic tracks of anterior tips of upper jaw (upper loop) and lower jaw (lower loop) in milliseconds. Resting phase, 0 ms; expansive phase, 0–146 ms; compressive phase, 146–785 ms (shooting stage, 146–239 ms; grasping stage, 239–319 ms; holding stage, 319–785 ms); recovery phase, 785–1,397 ms (re-opening stage, 785–1,077 ms; re-closing stage, 1,077–1,397 ms); peak retraction, 146 ms; peak protrusion, 279 ms. (c) Direction of jaw protrusion (broken arrow). PP, gape line at peak protrusion; PR, gape line at peak retraction; p, midpoint of PP; r, midpoint of PR.