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. 2016 Jun 10;6:27671. doi: 10.1038/srep27671

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Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited

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Results are shown for the concentrations of berberine left and 6 major metabolites generated in the medium after anaerobic incubation with intestinal microbiota for 48 hours at a concentration of 1 μmol/L in vitro. The intestinal microbiota was randomly collected from 3 Africans and 3 Chinese participated in the pharmacokinetic analysis. Concentrations were represented as means ± SEM. The concentrations of dihydroberberine (M6) were observed to be equal between races. *p value < 0.05; and **p value < 0.01. P values are based on Student’s t-test analyses. M1, Berberrubine; M2, Thalifendine; M3, Columbamine; M4, Demethyleneberberine; M5, Jatrorrhizine; M6, Dihydroberberine.