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(a) Minimalist model of a pump with one time dependent energy level, E(t), which can be used to pump particles against a gradient of chemical potential Δμ. (b) Corresponding kinetic scheme with time-dependent rates and two pump states: empty and filled with one transferred particle. Filling and emptying can occur from either particle reservoirs, μ1 or μ2. (c) Equivalent kinetic scheme corresponding to E(t), having just two realizations with the transition rates ν1 and ν2.
