Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population via the E/e’ level
| Variables | Level of E/e’ |
P for difference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <8 [N=993, 35%] | 8-15 [N=1444, 51%] | ≥15 [N=378, 13%] | ||
| Demographic information | ||||
| Male | 685 (69%) | 875 (61%) | 159 (42%) | < 0.01 |
| Age | 64±14 | 67±12 | 73 ± 12 | < 0.01 |
| Vascular risk factors | ||||
| Stroke | 166 (17%) | 257 (18%) | 73 (19%) | 0.51 |
| Hypertension | 612 (62%) | 1,043 (72%) | 300 (79%) | < 0.01 |
| Diabetes | 255 (26%) | 472 (33%) | 154 (41%) | < 0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 202 (20%) | 372 (26%) | 102 (27%) | < 0.01 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 88 (9%) | 229 (16%) | 114 (30%) | < 0.01 |
| Habitual smoking | 483 (49%) | 634 (44%) | 116 (31%) | < 0.01 |
| Coronary heart disease | 56 (7%) | 110 (8%) | 60 (16%) | < 0.01 |
| Congestive heart failure | 1 (0.1%) | 6 (0.4%) | 6 (1.6%) | < 0.01 |
| Mechanism of ischemic stroke | < 0.01 | |||
| Large artery atherosclerosis | 427 (43%) | 578 (40%) | 114 (30%) | |
| Small vessel occlusion | 198 (20%) | 273 (19%) | 55 (15%) | |
| Cardioembolism | 150 (15%) | 313 (22%) | 145 (38%) | |
| Other determined etiology | 43 (4%) | 43 (3%) | 5 (1%) | |
| Undetermined etiology | 175 (18%) | 237 (16%) | 59 (16%) | |
| Stroke information | ||||
| mRS score 0 before index stroke | 871 (88%) | 1,259 (87%) | 319 (84%) | 0.25 |
| NIHSS at initial presentation | 3 [1-6] | 3 [1-6] | 4 [2-9] | < 0.01 |
| Initial systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 154±26 | 155±27 | 155±28 | 0.92 |
| Initial random glucose (mg/dL) | 141±67 | 144±64 | 151±68 | 0.02 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14±2 | 14±2 | 13±2 | < 0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.3 ± 1.3 | 6.4±1.3 | 6.5 ± 1.4 | < 0.01 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 184±44 | 179±42 | 173±41 | < 0.01 |
| Hyperacute recanalization treatment | 121 (12%) | 188 (13%) | 72 (19%) | < 0.01 |
| Echocardiographic profile | ||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 62.6±6.5 | 62.2±7.2 | 59.0±10.7 | < 0.01 |
| Preserved ejection fraction (>40%) | 977 (99%) | 1,416 (98%) | 350 (94%) | < 0.01 |
| E (cm/s) | 56.6±15.2 | 67.6±18.5 | 89.4±46.4 | < 0.01 |
| A (cm/s) | 72.4±17.5 | 80.1 ±18.2 | 89.5±3.11 | < 0.01 |
| e’ (cm/s) | 5.3 ± 4.7 | 5.6±2.5 | 4.1 ± 1.7 | < 0.01 |
| a' (cm/s) | 10.8±2.6 | 9.3 ± 2.0 | 7.7±2.0 | < 0.01 |
| Deceleration time (msec) | 203.9±61.3 | 203.7±70.4 | 225.2±95.5 | < 0.01 |
| Left atrial volume index (mm/m2) | 32.2±11.9 | 37.4±17.2 | 52.3±29.0 | < 0.01 |
| Left ventricular end systolic dimension (mm) | 29.2±5.5 | 29.9±6.1 | 29.0±5.8 | < 0.01 |
| Left ventricular end diastolic dimension (mm) | 46.6±5.5 | 46.7±5.7 | 46.0±5.8 | 0.11 |
| Mitral stenosis | 0 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 16 (4%) | < 0.01 |
| Mitral regurgitation | 455 (46%) | 759 (53%) | 242 (64%) | < 0.01 |
| Aortic stenosis | 11 (1%) | 24 (2%) | 15 (4%) | < 0.01 |
| Aortic regurgitation | 255 (26%) | 442 (31%) | 172 (46%) | < 0.01 |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 6 (1%) | 15 (1%) | 14 (4%) | < 0.01 |
| Discharge medication | ||||
| Anti-diabetic agents | 161 (20%) | 346 (25%) | 112 (31%) | < 0.01 |
| Anti-hypertensive agents | 338 (41%) | 749 (54%) | 219 (60%) | < 0.01 |
| Anti-hyperlipidemic agents | 608 (74%) | 1,180 (85%) | 304 (84%) | < 0.01 |
| Anti-platelet agents | 851 (87%) | 1,180 (83%) | 276 (75%) | < 0.01 |
| Anticoagulant | 122 (12%) | 283 (20%) | 107 (29%) | < 0.01 |
mRS, modified Rankin Scale; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; composite vascular events include recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction and vascular death after the index stroke; E, peak early transmitral filling velocities during early diastole; A, peak early transmitral filling velocities during late diastole; e’, mean early velocities at septal mitral annuli on Tissue Doppler image; a’, mean late velocities at septal mitral annuli on Tissue Doppler image.