Table 1.

Cryptogenic stroke (CS) versus embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS)

CS
Diagnostic assessment incomplete; or
No cause found despite extensive assessment; or
Multiple potential causes, e.g., concurrent atrial fibrillation and relevant high grade stenosis of precerebral artery
ESUS
Stroke etiology remains unknown despite all of following investigations:
Brain imaging (CT/MRI)
Electrocardiogram
Transthoracic echocardiogram
24-hour Holter cardiac monitor
Imaging of extra and intra-cranial arteries