Appendix Table 2.
Individual study citations with sample sizes and weighted age-related effect sizes
| Study | N | Cognitive Domain |
Visual Acuity Criteria |
Weighted Avg. Fisher's Z |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bartels et al. (2010) | 36 | Attention | Unreported | 8.55 |
| Gamboz, Russo, & Fox (2000) | 48 | Attention | Unreported | 11.77 |
| Greenhut-wertz & Manning (1995) | 32 | Attention | Unreported | 18.41 |
| Malmstrom & LaVoie (2002) | 48 | Attention | Unreported | 40.24 |
| Maylor & Lavie (1998) | 30 | Attention | Unreported | 26.72 |
| Mienaltowski et al. (2011) | 31 | Attention | Unreported | 19.90 |
| Plude & Doussard-Roosevelt (1989) | 24 | Attention | Unreported | 14.30 |
| Salthouse (1992) – 2 | 100 | Attention | Unreported | 25.12 |
| Smyth & Shanks (2011) – 1 | 40 | Attention | Unreported | 18.39 |
| Sorond et al. (2008) | 29 | Attention | Unreported | 10.22 |
| Vallesi, Hasher, & Stuss (2010) | 40 | Attention | Unreported | 22.63 |
| Verhaeghen, Cerella, & Basak (2006) | 62 | Attention | Unreported | 9.75 |
| Bertsch et al. (2009) | 56 | Attention | Undisclosed | 22.90 |
| Bock (2008) – 1 | 33 | Attention | Undisclosed | 13.92 |
| Bock (2008) – 2 | 32 | Attention | Undisclosed | 11.49 |
| Brache, Scialfa, & Hudson (2010) | 35 | Attention | Undisclosed | 15.10 |
| Ceponiene et al. (2008) | 38 | Attention | Undisclosed | 16.31 |
| Dywan et al. (2001) | 61 | Attention | Undisclosed | 35.08 |
| Gamboz, Zamarian, & Cavallero (2010) | 135 | Attention | Undisclosed | 58.61 |
| Georgiou-Karistianis et al. (2006) | 60 | Attention | Undisclosed | −4.12 |
| Guerriero, Adam, & Van Gerven (2012) | 55 | Attention | Undisclosed | 45.45 |
| Hartley & Kieley (1995) – 1 | 34 | Attention | Undisclosed | 24.12 |
| Hartley & Kieley (1995) – 2 | 40 | Attention | Undisclosed | 29.66 |
| Hartley & Kieley (1995) – 3 | 34 | Attention | Undisclosed | 6.98 |
| Hartley & Kieley (1995) – 4 | 32 | Attention | Undisclosed | 11.59 |
| Hartley (2001) | 44 | Attention | Undisclosed | 21.81 |
| James & Kooy (2011) – 1 | 36 | Attention | Undisclosed | 16.24 |
| James & Kooy (2011) – 2 | 40 | Attention | Undisclosed | 18.06 |
| Kennedy & Raz (2009) | 52 | Attention | Undisclosed | 16.56 |
| Maylor, Birak, & Schlaghecken (2011) | 47 | Attention | Undisclosed | 26.03 |
| McDowd & Oseas-Kreger (1991) | 40 | Attention | Undisclosed | 19.18 |
| McLaughlin & Murtha (2010) | 50 | Attention | Undisclosed | 42.00 |
| McLaughlin et al. (2010) | 60 | Attention | Undisclosed | 29.80 |
| Müller-Oehring et al. (2007) | 37 | Attention | Undisclosed | 13.17 |
| Neider & Kramer (2011) – 1 | 48 | Attention | Undisclosed | 20.02 |
| Neider & Kramer (2011) – 2 | 24 | Attention | Undisclosed | 9.13 |
| Prado, Stoffregen, & Duarte (2007) | 24 | Attention | Undisclosed | 13.42 |
| Roux & Ceccaldi (2001) – 1 | 34 | Attention | Undisclosed | 15.95 |
| Roux & Ceccaldi (2001) – 2 | 37 | Attention | Undisclosed | 16.63 |
| Sander, Werkle-Bergner, & Lindenberger (2011) - 1 | 80 | Attention | Undisclosed | 98.68 |
| Schmitz, Cheng, & De Rosa (2010) | 27 | Attention | Undisclosed | 13.46 |
| Tucker et al. (2009) | 43 | Attention | Undisclosed | 3.78 |
| Van Gerven & Murphy (2010) | 96 | Attention | Undisclosed | 33.08 |
| Allen et al. (1993a) – 1 | 40 | Attention | Self-reported | 19.34 |
| Allen et al. (1993a) – 2 | 40 | Attention | Self-reported | 20.62 |
| Allen, Weber, & Madden (1994) | 40 | Attention | Self-reported | 17.32 |
| Lien, Gemperle, & Ruthruff (2011) – 1 | 32 | Attention | Self-reported | 18.18 |
| Lien, Gemperle, & Ruthruff (2011) – 2 | 30 | Attention | Self-reported | 22.44 |
| Maquestiaux et al. (2010) | 32 | Attention | Self-reported | 22.28 |
| Quigley et al. (2010) | 19 | Attention | Self-reported | 7.38 |
| Solbakk et al. (2008) | 25 | Attention | Self-reported | 10.88 |
| Strobach et al. (2012) | 19 | Attention | Self-reported | 10.35 |
| Titz, Behrendt, & Hasselhorn (2010) | 80 | Attention | Self-reported | 32.32 |
| Allen et al. (1998) – 1 | 40 | Attention | 20/40 | 18.85 |
| Allen et al. (1998) – 2 | 40 | Attention | 20/40 | 28.18 |
| Allen et al. (2009) | 36 | Attention | 20/40 | 21.04 |
| Allen, Weber, & May (1993) – 1 | 40 | Attention | 20/40 | 17.40 |
| Allen, Weber, & May (1993) – 2 | 40 | Attention | 20/40 | 24.28 |
| Atchley & Kramer (2000) – 1 | 24 | Attention | 20/40 | 14.46 |
| Atchley & Kramer (2000) – 2 | 24 | Attention | 20/40 | 14.05 |
| Batsakes & Fisk (2000) | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 60.40 |
| Bojko et al. (2004) | 31 | Attention | 20/40 | 19.65 |
| Bucur et al. (2005) | 40 | Attention | 20/40 | 31.07 |
| Bucur, Madden, & Allen (2005) | 40 | Attention | 20/40 | 23.19 |
| Coeckelbergh et al. (2004) | 14 | Attention | 20/40 | 15.77 |
| Costello et al. (2010a) – 1 | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 28.85 |
| Costello et al. (2010a) – 2 | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 31.94 |
| Costello et al. (2010b) | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 28.82 |
| Gottlob (2006) | 30 | Attention | 20/40 | 14.85 |
| Graham & Burke (2011) | 112 | Attention | 20/40 | 48.14 |
| Greenwood & Parasuraman (2004) – 1 | 32 | Attention | 20/40 | 12.12 |
| Hugenschmidt et al. (2009) | 52 | Attention | 20/40 | 10.66 |
| Jennings et al. (2011) | 98 | Attention | 20/40 | 41.23 |
| Kaneko (2004) | 14 | Attention | 20/40 | 6.47 |
| Kramer et al. (1999) - 1 | 16 | Attention | 20/40 | 11.56 |
| Kramer et al. (1999) - 2 | 16 | Attention | 20/40 | 10.80 |
| Langley et al. (2007) - 1 | 64 | Attention | 20/40 | 30.79 |
| Langley et al. (2007) - 2 | 56 | Attention | 20/40 | 27.26 |
| Langley et al. (2008a) – 1 | 60 | Attention | 20/40 | 45.01 |
| Langley et al. (2008a) – 3 | 60 | Attention | 20/40 | 55.84 |
| Madden & Langley (2003) – 1 | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 33.93 |
| Madden & Langley (2003) – 2 | 64 | Attention | 20/40 | 24.53 |
| Madden & Langley (2003) – 3 | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 28.91 |
| Madden (1982) – 1 | 96 | Attention | 20/40 | 29.58 |
| Madden (1982) – 2 | 72 | Attention | 20/40 | 27.94 |
| Madden (1992a) – 1 | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 43.26 |
| Madden (1992a) – 2 | 24 | Attention | 20/40 | 18.85 |
| Madden et al. (2002) | 24 | Attention | 20/40 | 13.06 |
| Madden et al. (2005) - 1 | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 49.16 |
| Madden et al. (2005) - 2 | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 28.57 |
| Madden et al. (2007) | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 37.93 |
| Mani, Bedwell, & Miller (2005) | 32 | Attention | 20/40 | 10.36 |
| Nielson, Langenecker, & Garavan (2002) – 1 | 34 | Attention | 20/40 | 14.45 |
| Veiel, Storandt, & Abrams (2006) – 1 | 80 | Attention | 20/40 | 41.29 |
| Veiel, Storandt, & Abrams (2006) – 2 | 60 | Attention | 20/40 | 29.87 |
| Whiting et al. (2005) – 1 | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 35.37 |
| Whiting et al. (2005) – 2 | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 34.14 |
| Whiting et al. (2005) – 3 | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 30.05 |
| Whiting, Madden, & Babcock (2007) | 48 | Attention | 20/40 | 18.68 |
| Colcombe et al. (2005) | 60 | Attention | 20/30 | 29.54 |
| Fisk & Rogers (1991) – 1 | 95 | Attention | 20/30 | 3.14 |
| Fisk & Rogers (1991) – 2 | 85 | Attention | 20/30 | 39.14 |
| Hogan (2003) | 172 | Attention | 20/30 | 149.98 |
| Hoyer, Cerella, & Buchler (2011) | 36 | Attention | 20/30 | 31.26 |
| Humphrey & Kramer (1997) | 30 | Attention | 20/30 | 21.72 |
| Kotary & Hoyer (1995) | 40 | Attention | 20/30 | 30.29 |
| Kramer & Atchley (2000) - 1 | 48 | Attention | 20/30 | 45.63 |
| Kramer & Atchley (2000) - 2 | 24 | Attention | 20/30 | 21.21 |
| Kramer & Weber (1999) – 1 | 36 | Attention | 20/30 | 29.37 |
| Kramer & Weber (1999) – 2 | 32 | Attention | 20/30 | 15.84 |
| Kramer et al. (1996) - 1 | 29 | Attention | 20/30 | 22.52 |
| Kramer et al. (1996) - 2 | 34 | Attention | 20/30 | 33.26 |
| Ellis et al. (1996) | 24 | Attention | 20/29 | 23.73 |
| Burton-Danner, Owsley, & Jackson (2001) | 40 | Attention | 20/25 | 33.12 |
| Owsley, Burton-Danner, & Jackson (2000) | 40 | Attention | 20/25 | 20.03 |
| Hahn & Kramer (1995) | 20 | Attention | 20/24 | 14.51 |
| Georgiou-Karistianis et al. (2007) | 50 | Attention | 20/20 | 18.15 |
| Norman et al. (2007) – 1 | 16 | Attention | 20/20 | 6.73 |
| Scialfa & Thomas (1994) | 40 | Attention | 20/18.9 | 33.23 |
| Anderson et al. (2011a) | 80 | Executive | Unreported | 21.50 |
| Andrés & Van der Linden (2000) | 95 | Executive | Unreported | 27.25 |
| Artistico, Cervone, & Pezzuti (2003) | 60 | Executive | Unreported | 30.55 |
| Ashendorf & McCaffrey (2008) | 44 | Executive | Unreported | 27.50 |
| Ashley & Swick (2009) | 40 | Executive | Unreported | 8.01 |
| Baudouin et al. (2009) | 100 | Executive | Unreported | 70.84 |
| Beaunieux et al. (2009) | 100 | Executive | Unreported | 42.72 |
| Bell, Buchner, & Mund (2008) – 3 | 91 | Executive | Unreported | 27.77 |
| Bock (2005) | 24 | Executive | Unreported | 14.01 |
| Bopp & Verhaeghen (2009) – 1 | 96 | Executive | Unreported | 57.04 |
| Bopp & Verhaeghen (2009) – 2 | 50 | Executive | Unreported | 30.08 |
| Bopp & Verhaeghen (2009) – 3 | 62 | Executive | Unreported | 38.86 |
| Borella et al. (2011) | 79 | Executive | Unreported | 43.88 |
| Brehmer, Westerberg, & Backman (2012) | 55 | Executive | Unreported | 29.58 |
| Briggs, Raz, & Marks (1999) | 85 | Executive | Unreported | 30.12 |
| Bugg et al. (2006) | 196 | Executive | Unreported | 119.70 |
| Chen, Ma, & Pethtel (2011) | 184 | Executive | Unreported | 37.50 |
| Copeland & Radvansky (2007) – 1 | 72 | Executive | Unreported | 39.87 |
| Copeland & Radvansky (2007) – 2 | 72 | Executive | Unreported | 41.15 |
| Copeland & Radvansky (2007) – 3 | 60 | Executive | Unreported | 27.49 |
| Davis & Klebe (2001) | 23 | Executive | Unreported | 11.80 |
| Denburg, Tranel, & Bechara (2005) | 80 | Executive | Unreported | 29.35 |
| Dorbath, Haselhorn, & Titz (2011) | 176 | Executive | Unreported | 45.58 |
| Doumas, Rapp, & Krampe (2009) | 18 | Executive | Unreported | 12.95 |
| Eckert et al. (2010) | 42 | Executive | Unreported | 23.81 |
| Einstein et al. (1997) – 1 | 64 | Executive | Unreported | 29.06 |
| Einstein et al. (1997) – 2 | 128 | Executive | Unreported | 41.45 |
| Elwan et al. (1996) | 88 | Executive | Unreported | 57.60 |
| Emery, Hale, & Myerson (2008) | 134 | Executive | Unreported | 49.40 |
| Esposito et al. (1999) | 41 | Executive | Unreported | −1.37 |
| Fein, McGillivray, & Finn (2007) | 164 | Executive | Unreported | 50.67 |
| Ferraro & Kellas (1992) | 48 | Executive | Unreported | 30.68 |
| Foos & Goolkasian (2010) | 45 | Executive | Unreported | 16.02 |
| Hale et al. (2011) | 388 | Executive | Unreported | 168.02 |
| Hampshire et al. (2008) | 32 | Executive | Unreported | 8.75 |
| Head et al. (2002) | 68 | Executive | Unreported | 14.66 |
| Henninger, Madden, & Huettel (2010) | 112 | Executive | Unreported | 6.09 |
| Kemper et al. (2010) | 197 | Executive | Unreported | 76.18 |
| Krampe et al. (2010) | 44 | Executive | Unreported | 17.65 |
| Kray, Lucenet, & Blaye (2010) | 85 | Executive | Unreported | 53.01 |
| Lamar & Resnick (2004) | 43 | Executive | Unreported | 24.37 |
| Lange & Verhaeghen (2009) – 2 | 48 | Executive | Unreported | 34.81 |
| Lesch et al. (2011) | 101 | Executive | Unreported | 38.50 |
| Löckenhoff, O'Donogue, & Dunning (2011) | 98 | Executive | Unreported | 23.41 |
| Maintenant, Blaye, & Paour (2011) | 121 | Executive | Unreported | 49.96 |
| Masunaga & Horn (2001) | 263 | Executive | Unreported | 34.78 |
| Mata, Helversen, & Rieskamp (2010) | 100 | Executive | Unreported | 55.45 |
| Mather & Schoeke (2011) | 86 | Executive | Unreported | −22.12 |
| Maury, Besse, & Martin (2010) – 2 | 72 | Executive | Unreported | 50.05 |
| Mayr (2001) – 1 | 48 | Executive | Unreported | 29.87 |
| Mayr (2001) – 2 | 72 | Executive | Unreported | 31.43 |
| McAuley et al. (2010) | 79 | Executive | Unreported | 56.46 |
| McDowd & Craik (1988) | 32 | Executive | Unreported | 24.11 |
| Mell et al. (2009) | 28 | Executive | Unreported | 24.98 |
| Miller & West (2010) | 95 | Executive | Unreported | 41.51 |
| Morrow et al. (2001) | 182 | Executive | Unreported | 41.74 |
| Perry et al. (2009) | 24 | Executive | Unreported | 15.60 |
| Phillips, Kliegel, & Martin (2006) | 78 | Executive | Unreported | 36.33 |
| Phillips, Smith, & Gilhooly (2002) | 96 | Executive | Unreported | 34.92 |
| Radvansky et al. (2001) – 1 | 96 | Executive | Unreported | 22.30 |
| Radvansky et al. (2001) – 2 | 144 | Executive | Unreported | 71.23 |
| Richmond et al. (2011) w/ additional data from Chein & Morrison (2010) | 35 | Executive | Unreported | 15.42 |
| Rypma et al. (2001) | 12 | Executive | Unreported | 4.78 |
| Salthouse (1992) – 1 | 180 | Executive | Unreported | 79.52 |
| Scheibe & Blanchard-Fields (2009) | 142 | Executive | Unreported | 92.70 |
| Shafto (2010) | 72 | Executive | Unreported | 28.44 |
| Shan et al. (2008) | 475 | Executive | Unreported | 95.98 |
| Silver et al. (2011) | 134 | Executive | Unreported | 48.82 |
| West (2004) | 28 | Executive | Unreported | 15.37 |
| Wood et al. (2005) | 155 | Executive | Unreported | 27.43 |
| Wood et al. (2011) | 121 | Executive | Unreported | 41.17 |
| Bell, Buchner, & Mund (2008) – 1 | 104 | Executive | Undisclosed | 44.84 |
| Bo, Borza, & Seidler (2009) | 50 | Executive | Undisclosed | 30.10 |
| Carp, Gmeindl, & Reuter-Lorenz (2010) | 41 | Executive | Undisclosed | 26.76 |
| Chaparro et al. (2005) | 28 | Executive | Undisclosed | 11.64 |
| Clapp et al. (2011) | 37 | Executive | Undisclosed | 9.80 |
| Gamboz, Borella, & Brandimonte (2009) | 80 | Executive | Undisclosed | 25.69 |
| Guerreiro & Van Gerven (2011) | 60 | Executive | Undisclosed | 33.35 |
| Kemtes & Allen (2008) | 60 | Executive | Undisclosed | 16.16 |
| Kieley & Hartley (1997) – 1 | 32 | Executive | Undisclosed | 9.97 |
| Kieley & Hartley (1997) – 2 | 85 | Executive | Undisclosed | 19.50 |
| Maury, Besse, & Martin (2010) – 1 | 50 | Executive | Undisclosed | 38.57 |
| Morrone et al. (2010) | 60 | Executive | Undisclosed | 19.71 |
| Mund, Bell, & Buchner (2010) – 1 | 96 | Executive | Undisclosed | 56.37 |
| Mund, Bell, & Buchner (2010) – 2 | 157 | Executive | Undisclosed | 72.21 |
| Nagel et al. (2008) | 318 | Executive | Undisclosed | 234.18 |
| Neider et al. (2011) | 36 | Executive | Undisclosed | 8.67 |
| Ni, Kang, & Andersen (2010) | 16 | Executive | Undisclosed | 7.40 |
| Peltz, Gratton, & Fabiani (2011) | 58 | Executive | Undisclosed | 42.48 |
| Ridderinkhof et al. (2002) – 1 | 40 | Executive | Undisclosed | 21.54 |
| Rose et al. (2009) | 48 | Executive | Undisclosed | 36.98 |
| Rose et al. (2010) | 106 | Executive | Undisclosed | 79.11 |
| Sambataro et al. (2010) | 57 | Executive | Undisclosed | 20.02 |
| Zamarian et al. (2008) | 85 | Executive | Undisclosed | 28.53 |
| Hartman, Bolton, & Fehnel (2001) – 1 | 161 | Executive | Self-reported | 49.94 |
| Hartman, Bolton, & Fehnel (2001) – 2 | 96 | Executive | Self-reported | 33.06 |
| Hartman, Nielsen, & Stratton (2004) | 72 | Executive | Self-reported | 43.45 |
| Karayanidis et al. (2011) | 95 | Executive | Self-reported | 42.61 |
| Saimpont, Pozzo, & Papaxanthis (2009) | 39 | Executive | Self-reported | 34.28 |
| Touron & Hertzog (2009) | 124 | Executive | 20/50 | 49.31 |
| Allen et al. (1997) – 1 | 40 | Executive | 20/40 | 19.48 |
| Allen et al. (1997) – 2 | 48 | Executive | 20/40 | 11.39 |
| Basak & Verhaeghen (2011) | 55 | Executive | 20/40 | 27.94 |
| Feld & Sommers (2009) | 81 | Executive | 20/40 | 41.96 |
| Hertzog et al. (1996) | 201 | Executive | 20/40 | 128.44 |
| Jamieson & Rogers (2000) | 80 | Executive | 20/40 | 48.41 |
| Kirasic et al. (1996) | 477 | Executive | 20/40 | 94.23 |
| Kramer et al. (1994) | 62 | Executive | 20/40 | 21.96 |
| Langley et al. (2005) | 48 | Executive | 20/40 | 23.01 |
| Trick, Perl, & Sethi (2005) – 1 | 38 | Executive | 20/40 | 27.71 |
| Trick, Perl, & Sethi (2005) – 2 | 40 | Executive | 20/40 | 23.38 |
| Zanto, Toy, & Gazzaley (2010) | 43 | Executive | 20/40 | 12.95 |
| Brigman & Cherry (2002) | 40 | Executive | 20/30 | 19.51 |
| Cherry & Park (1993) | 194 | Executive | 20/30 | 70.89 |
| Reese & Cherry (2002) | 128 | Executive | 20/30 | 40.46 |
| Touron, Hoyer, & Cerella (2004) | 60 | Executive | 20/30 | 55.18 |
| Verhaeghen & Hoyer (2007) | 48 | Executive | 20/30 | 27.22 |
| Cansino et al. (2011) | 50 | Executive | 20/20 | 19.11 |
| Risse & Kliegle (2011) | 80 | Executive | 20/20 | 17.13 |
| Aizpurua, Garcia-Bajos, & Migueles (2009) | 68 | Memory | Unreported | 27.99 |
| Aizpurua, Garcia-Bajos, & Migueles (2011) – 1 | 65 | Memory | Unreported | 28.36 |
| Aizpurua, Garcia-Bajos, & Migueles (2011) – 2 | 67 | Memory | Unreported | 21.80 |
| Anderson et al. (2011) – 1 | 60 | Memory | Unreported | 31.74 |
| Anderson et al. (2011) – 2 | 63 | Memory | Unreported | 33.83 |
| Badham & Maylor (2011) | 108 | Memory | Unreported | 67.70 |
| Bayer et al. (2011) | 40 | Memory | Unreported | 4.52 |
| Bell, Buchner, & Mund (2008) – 2 | 99 | Memory | Unreported | 50.05 |
| Benjamin (2011) | 79 | Memory | Unreported | 18.22 |
| Bryan & Luszcz (1996) | 72 | Memory | Unreported | 34.46 |
| Buchler et al. (2011) | 60 | Memory | Unreported | 8.95 |
| Cabeza et al. (2004) | 40 | Memory | Unreported | 11.80 |
| Charness et al. (2001) – 1 | 72 | Memory | Unreported | 70.78 |
| Charness et al. (2001) – 2 | 48 | Memory | Unreported | 20.58 |
| Craik & Schloerscheidt (2011) – 2 | 32 | Memory | Unreported | 23.21 |
| Denney & Larsen (1994) | 80 | Memory | Unreported | 29.45 |
| Dew & Giovanello (2010a) – 1 | 48 | Memory | Unreported | 23.18 |
| Dew & Giovanello (2010a) – 2 | 60 | Memory | Unreported | 44.40 |
| Dew & Giovanello (2010b) – 2 | 64 | Memory | Unreported | 36.31 |
| Doose & Feyereisen (2001) | 59 | Memory | Unreported | 39.53 |
| Emery & Hess (2011) | 101 | Memory | Unreported | 16.22 |
| Ford et al. (2001) | 26 | Memory | Unreported | 8.53 |
| Frings, Mader, & Hull (2010) | 17 | Memory | Unreported | 12.14 |
| Gardner, Hill, Was (2011) | 92 | Memory | Unreported | 42.06 |
| Glahn et al. (1997) | 181 | Memory | Unreported | 53.39 |
| Grady et al. (2002) | 44 | Memory | Unreported | 27.39 |
| Halamish, McGillivray, & Castel (2011) | 40 | Memory | Unreported | 15.89 |
| Hamami, Serbun, & Gutchess (2011) – 2 | 54 | Memory | Unreported | 21.49 |
| Hanna-Pladdy & Choi (2010) | 135 | Memory | Unreported | 31.66 |
| Henkel & Rajaram (2011) | 192 | Memory | Unreported | 61.81 |
| Hertzog & Touron (2011) | 152 | Memory | Unreported | 121.83 |
| Jager, Mecklinger, & Kliegel (2010) | 40 | Memory | Unreported | 21.76 |
| Joy, Kaplan, & Fein (2004) | 950 | Memory | Unreported | 467.05 |
| Kave, Knafo, & Gilboa (2010) | 1145 | Memory | Unreported | 104.58 |
| Kim & Giovanello (2011) – 2 | 24 | Memory | Unreported | 13.63 |
| Kitzan et al. (1999) | 88 | Memory | Unreported | 39.67 |
| Kornell et al. (2010) | 112 | Memory | Unreported | 44.11 |
| Li, Nilsson, & Wu (2004) | 98 | Memory | Unreported | 37.74 |
| Luo, Hendriks & Craik (2007) – 1 | 64 | Memory | Unreported | 23.93 |
| Luo, Hendriks & Craik (2007) – 2 | 52 | Memory | Unreported | 13.23 |
| Luo, Hendriks & Craik (2007) – 3 | 36 | Memory | Unreported | 27.80 |
| Luo, Hendriks & Craik (2007) – 4 | 64 | Memory | Unreported | 17.45 |
| Maddox et al. (2011) – 1 | 60 | Memory | Unreported | 44.87 |
| Maddox et al. (2011) – 2 | 78 | Memory | Unreported | 39.09 |
| McGillivray & Castel (2010) | 50 | Memory | Unreported | 20.63 |
| McGillivray & Castel (2011) | 52 | Memory | Unreported | 27.18 |
| Moffat et al. (2007) | 68 | Memory | Unreported | 39.55 |
| Nashiro & Mather (2011) | 48 | Memory | Unreported | 17.38 |
| Naveh-Benjamin & Craik (1995) | 50 | Memory | Unreported | 9.48 |
| Nemeth & Janacsek (2010) | 129 | Memory | Unreported | 65.66 |
| Ostreicher et al. (2010) | 32 | Memory | Unreported | 12.04 |
| Overman & Becker (2009) | 151 | Memory | Unreported | −42.60 |
| Rosa & Gutchess (2011) | 90 | Memory | Unreported | 38.81 |
| Simon, Howard Jr., & Howard (2010) | 30 | Memory | Unreported | 16.22 |
| Smith (2011) – 1 | 256 | Memory | Unreported | 62.99 |
| Smith (2011) – 2 | 70 | Memory | Unreported | 24.44 |
| Stern et al. (2008) – 1 | 68 | Memory | Unreported | 25.19 |
| Stern et al. (2008) – 2 | 45 | Memory | Unreported | 17.27 |
| Toth, Daniels, & Solinger (2011) | 72 | Memory | Unreported | 19.50 |
| Troyer et al. (2011) | 40 | Memory | Unreported | 23.38 |
| Tse, Balota, & Roediger (2010) – 1 | 96 | Memory | Unreported | 27.35 |
| Tse, Balota, & Roediger (2010) – 2 | 44 | Memory | Unreported | 12.36 |
| Wang & Dew (2010) | 112 | Memory | Unreported | 51.52 |
| West, Welch, & Thorn (2001) | 218 | Memory | Unreported | 128.68 |
| Wiggs & Martin (1994) – 1 | 32 | Memory | Unreported | 12.12 |
| Wiggs & Martin (1994) – 2 | 64 | Memory | Unreported | 22.15 |
| Bender, Naveh-Benjamin, & Raz (2010) | 278 | Memory | Undisclosed | 62.13 |
| Bergerbest et al. (2009) | 30 | Memory | Undisclosed | 12.13 |
| Craik & Schloerscheidt (2011) – 1 | 50 | Memory | Undisclosed | 26.94 |
| Craik & Schloerscheidt (2011) – 2 | 64 | Memory | Undisclosed | 10.98 |
| Fernandes et al. (2008) | 95 | Memory | Undisclosed | 45.01 |
| Gaesser et al. (2011) – 1 | 32 | Memory | Undisclosed | 20.32 |
| Gaesser et al. (2011) – 2 | 30 | Memory | Undisclosed | 14.16 |
| Glass (2007) | 345 | Memory | Undisclosed | 240.43 |
| Gopie, Craik, & Hasher (2010) – 1 | 40 | Memory | Undisclosed | 13.88 |
| Gopie, Craik, & Hasher (2010) – 2 | 40 | Memory | Undisclosed | 11.69 |
| Hartley et al. (2011) – 1 | 48 | Memory | Undisclosed | 20.98 |
| Hartley et al. (2011) – 2 | 46 | Memory | Undisclosed | 16.24 |
| Kemps & Newson (2006) | 96 | Memory | Undisclosed | 45.27 |
| Lin et al. (2010) | 60 | Memory | Undisclosed | 8.59 |
| Lövdén et al. (2005) | 32 | Memory | Undisclosed | 36.13 |
| Murray, Muscatell, & Kensinger (2011) – 1 | 48 | Memory | Undisclosed | 26.03 |
| Murray, Muscatell, & Kensinger (2011) – 2 | 78 | Memory | Undisclosed | 54.06 |
| Murray, Muscatell, & Kensinger (2011) – 3 | 40 | Memory | Undisclosed | 11.45 |
| Shih, Meadmore, & Liversedge (2012) | 90 | Memory | Undisclosed | 29.41 |
| Skinner & Fernandes (2009) – 1 | 30 | Memory | Undisclosed | 11.73 |
| Skinner & Fernandes (2009) – 2 | 32 | Memory | Undisclosed | 7.74 |
| Vakil & Agmon-Askenazi (1997) | 50 | Memory | Undisclosed | 29.13 |
| Viggiano et al. (2010) | 30 | Memory | Undisclosed | 22.49 |
| Aizpurua & Koutstaal (2010) | 71 | Memory | Self-reported | 27.87 |
| Feng et al. (2011) | 85 | Memory | Self-reported | 7.63 |
| Hamami, Serbun, & Gutchess (2011) – 1 | 64 | Memory | Self-reported | 22.34 |
| Rémy, Taconnat, & Isingrini (2008) | 60 | Memory | Self-reported | 38.58 |
| Stine-morrow et al. (2006) | 73 | Memory | Self-reported | 14.60 |
| Tun et al. (1992) | 50 | Memory | Self-reported | 25.47 |
| Hertzog et al. (2007) – 1 | 103 | Memory | 20/50 | 33.71 |
| Hertzog et al. (2007) – 2 | 84 | Memory | 20/50 | 30.48 |
| Hertzog et al. (2007) – 3 | 86 | Memory | 20/50 | 4.70 |
| Touron, Hertzog, & Frank (2011) – 1 | 40 | Memory | 20/50 | 14.34 |
| Allen et al. (2002b) | 80 | Memory | 20/40 | 26.77 |
| Allen et al. (2011) – 1 | 40 | Memory | 20/40 | 28.37 |
| Allen et al. (2011) – 2 | 120 | Memory | 20/40 | 69.53 |
| Bowles (1994) | 64 | Memory | 20/40 | 53.84 |
| Fisk et al. (1995) | 201 | Memory | 20/40 | 172.35 |
| Fisk et al. (1997) – 1 | 174 | Memory | 20/40 | 220.04 |
| Fisk et al. (1997) – 2 | 48 | Memory | 20/40 | 41.89 |
| Jenkins et al. (2000) | 32 | Memory | 20/40 | 25.52 |
| Langley et al. (2008b) – 1 | 72 | Memory | 20/40 | 19.25 |
| Langley et al. (2008b) – 2 | 68 | Memory | 20/40 | 22.16 |
| Langley et al. (2008b) – 3 | 64 | Memory | 20/40 | 17.72 |
| Lawson, Guo, & Jiang (2007) | 28 | Memory | 20/40 | 15.28 |
| Rogers & Gilbert (1997) - 1 | 32 | Memory | 20/40 | 20.68 |
| Rogers & Gilbert (1997) - 2 | 32 | Memory | 20/40 | 19.80 |
| Rogers & Gilbert (1997) - 3 | 32 | Memory | 20/40 | 20.36 |
| Rogers & Gilbert (1997) - 4 | 32 | Memory | 20/40 | 17.62 |
| Rutledge, Hancock, & Walker (1997) | 93 | Memory | 20/40 | 32.37 |
| Cerella et al. (2006) | 98 | Memory | 20/30 | 48.05 |
| Cherry & Jones (1999) – 1 | 144 | Memory | 20/30 | 58.92 |
| Cherry & Jones (1999) – 2 | 144 | Memory | 20/30 | 70.19 |
| Cherry & LeCompte (1999) | 96 | Memory | 20/30 | 18.63 |
| Cherry & St. Pierre (1998) | 64 | Memory | 20/30 | 24.86 |
| Cherry et al. (2003) – 1 | 96 | Memory | 20/30 | 75.94 |
| Cherry et al. (2003) – 2 | 96 | Memory | 20/30 | 81.94 |
| Karpel, Hoyer, & Toglia (2001) | 122 | Memory | 20/30 | 44.99 |
| Park et al. (1990) – 1 | 84 | Memory | 20/30 | 20.92 |
| Park et al. (1990) – 2 | 128 | Memory | 20/30 | 28.05 |
| Smith et al. (1998) - 1 | 76 | Memory | 20/30 | 55.84 |
| Smith et al. (1998) - 2 | 48 | Memory | 20/30 | 26.04 |
| Bowles & Poon (1981) | 43 | Perception | Unreported | 20.78 |
| Cohen & Faulkner (1983) | 24 | Perception | Unreported | 9.29 |
| Elliott et al. (2007) | 20 | Perception | Unreported | 5.97 |
| Grady et al. (1994) | 32 | Perception | Unreported | 21.46 |
| Hildebrandt et al. (2011) | 448 | Perception | Unreported | 26.76 |
| Hunter, Phillips, & MacPherson (2010) – 1 | 50 | Perception | Unreported | 19.45 |
| Hunter, Phillips, & MacPherson (2010) – 2 | 40 | Perception | Unreported | 13.83 |
| Kalisch et al. (2012) | 81 | Perception | Unreported | 38.28 |
| Krendl & Ambady (2010) – 1 | 78 | Perception | Unreported | 48.26 |
| Krendl & Ambady (2010) – 2 | 80 | Perception | Unreported | 37.08 |
| Lange & Verhaeghen (2009) – 1 | 48 | Perception | Unreported | 45.44 |
| McLellan, Marcos, & Burns (2001) | 38 | Perception | Unreported | 13.45 |
| Mikels et al. (2005) | 40 | Perception | Unreported | 15.62 |
| Mill et al. (2009) | 607 | Perception | Unreported | 245.57 |
| Park et al. (2010) | 38 | Perception | Unreported | 17.19 |
| Stine-Morrow et al. (2001) | 243 | Perception | Unreported | 96.94 |
| Westbury & Titone (2011) | 68 | Perception | Unreported | 23.08 |
| Allen, Madden, & Crozier (1991) | 48 | Perception | Undisclosed | 38.13 |
| Andersen et al. (2010) – 1 | 18 | Perception | Undisclosed | 14.37 |
| Andersen et al. (2010) – 3 | 16 | Perception | Undisclosed | 0.14 |
| Bannerman, Regener, & Sahraie (2011) | 60 | Perception | Undisclosed | 23.87 |
| Burke, White, & Diaz (1987) | 64 | Perception | Undisclosed | 25.45 |
| Caplan et al. (2011) | 200 | Perception | Undisclosed | 56.57 |
| Chaby, Narme, & George (2011) | 66 | Perception | Undisclosed | 36.33 |
| Deiber et al. (2010) | 56 | Perception | Undisclosed | 25.77 |
| Del Viva & Agostini (2006) | 32 | Perception | Undisclosed | 35.54 |
| Halpern (1984) | 40 | Perception | Undisclosed | 38.81 |
| Kadota & Gomi (2010) | 32 | Perception | Undisclosed | 24.75 |
| Kennedy et al. (2009) | 169 | Perception | Undisclosed | 85.83 |
| Klein et al. (2000) | 36 | Perception | Undisclosed | 23.93 |
| Kolarik, Margrain, & Freeman (2010) | 39 | Perception | Undisclosed | 8.72 |
| Madden (1992b) | 108 | Perception | Undisclosed | 50.38 |
| O'Connor, Margrain, & Freeman (2010) – 1 | 39 | Perception | Undisclosed | 10.11 |
| Orgeta (2010) | 80 | Perception | Undisclosed | 25.73 |
| Owsley, Sekuler, & Boldt (1981) | 27 | Perception | Undisclosed | 27.24 |
| Ridderinkhof & Wijnen (2011) | 40 | Perception | Undisclosed | 35.46 |
| Slessor et al. (2010) | 59 | Perception | Undisclosed | 60.72 |
| Spaniol et al. (2011) | 53 | Perception | Undisclosed | 16.66 |
| Speranza, Moraglia, & Schneider (2001) – 1 | 22 | Perception | Undisclosed | 6.35 |
| Speranza, Moraglia, & Schneider (2001) – 2 | 22 | Perception | Undisclosed | 6.36 |
| Speranza, Moraglia, & Schneider (2001) – 3 | 22 | Perception | Undisclosed | 17.97 |
| Speranza, Moraglia, & Schneider (2001) – 4 | 22 | Perception | Undisclosed | 1.75 |
| Werheid, Gruno, & Kathman et al. (2010) – 1 | 40 | Perception | Undisclosed | 14.89 |
| Werheid, Gruno, & Kathman et al. (2010) – 2 | 40 | Perception | Undisclosed | 16.83 |
| Winneke & Phillips (2011) | 34 | Perception | Undisclosed | 6.33 |
| Allen et al. (1993b) – 1 | 40 | Perception | Self-reported | 28.14 |
| Allen et al. (1993b) – 2 | 40 | Perception | Self-reported | 26.98 |
| Allen et al. (1993b) – 3 | 40 | Perception | Self-reported | 16.88 |
| Madden (1988) | 48 | Perception | Self-reported | 36.64 |
| Maguinness et al. (2011) | 41 | Perception | Self-reported | 37.43 |
| Robert & Mathey (2007) | 54 | Perception | Self-reported | 13.45 |
| Allen et al. (2002a) – 1 | 67 | Perception | 20/40 | 30.70 |
| Allen et al. (2002a) – 2 | 84 | Perception | 20/40 | 27.23 |
| Allen et al. (2002a) – 3 | 40 | Perception | 20/40 | 17.88 |
| Allen et al. (2004) | 193 | Perception | 20/40 | 68.19 |
| Gottlob et al. (2007) | 40 | Perception | 20/40 | 8.60 |
| Hugenschmidt, Mozolic, & Laurienti (2009) | 41 | Perception | 20/40 | 28.79 |
| Tye-Murray et al. (2008) | 86 | Perception | 20/40 | 35.28 |
| Tye-Murray et al. (2010) | 106 | Perception | 20/40 | 37.61 |
| Scialfa et al. (1999) | 36 | Perception | 20/33 | 15.88 |
| Clancy-Dollinger (1995) | 24 | Perception | 20/30 | 18.58 |
| Garnham & Sloper (2006) | 60 | Perception | 20/30 | 22.40 |
| Johnson, Adams, & Lewis (1989) | 62 | Perception | 20/30 | 39.22 |
| Klistorner & Graham (2001) | 100 | Perception | 20/30 | 5.06 |
| Kurylo (2006) | 26 | Perception | 20/30 | 18.20 |
| McKendrick, Weymouth, & Battista (2010) | 43 | Perception | 20/30 | 11.53 |
| Nguyen-Tri, Overbury, & Faubert (2003) | 102 | Perception | 20/30 | 31.84 |
| Redmond et al. (2010) | 68 | Perception | 20/30 | 7.02 |
| Ross, Clarke, & Bron (1985) | 70 | Perception | 20/30 | 45.89 |
| Ruffman, Sullivan, & Dittrich (2009) - 1 | 60 | Perception | 20/30 | 26.10 |
| Ruffman, Sullivan, & Dittrich (2009) - 2 | 79 | Perception | 20/30 | 26.08 |
| Ryan, Murray, & Ruffman (2010) | 80 | Perception | 20/30 | 25.40 |
| Scialfa & Hamaluk (2001) | 20 | Perception | 20/30 | 12.07 |
| Sullivan, Ruffman, & Hutton (2007) – 1 | 60 | Perception | 20/30 | 19.58 |
| Sullivan, Ruffman, & Hutton (2007) – 2 | 54 | Perception | 20/30 | 22.40 |
| Elliott & Werner (2010) | 26 | Perception | 20/25 | 13.59 |
| Elliott et al. (2009) | 20 | Perception | 20/25 | 6.36 |
| Grunwald et al. (1993) | 33 | Perception | 20/25 | 19.62 |
| Habak, Wilkinson, & Wilson (2009) | 36 | Perception | 20/25 | 7.45 |
| Karas & McKendrick (2009) | 35 | Perception | 20/25 | 10.73 |
| McKendrick et al. (2007) | 28 | Perception | 20/25 | 23.94 |
| Li et al. (2012) | 38 | Perception | 20/24 | 21.50 |
| Kennedy, Tripathy, & Barrett (2009) | 22 | Perception | 20/20 | 10.70 |
| Rayner et al. (2006) | 32 | Perception | 20/20 | 10.16 |
| Rayner et al. (2009) - 1 | 48 | Perception | 20/20 | 11.95 |
| Rayner et al. (2009) - 2 | 24 | Perception | 20/20 | 15.62 |
| Rayner et al. (2011) | 32 | Perception | 20/20 | 12.97 |
| Thompson, Garcia, & Malloy (2007) | 80 | Perception | 20/20 | 45.85 |
| Wilson et al. (2011) | 30 | Perception | 20/20 | 13.11 |
| Malania et al. (2011) | 19 | Perception | 20/15 | 9.40 |