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aReagents and conditions: (a) (i) methyl 2-chloropyrazine-6-carboxylate or methyl 3-chloropyridazine-5-carboxylate or methyl 2-chloro-5-methylthiazole-4-carboxylate, Et3N or i-Pr2NEt, DMF, 60 °C, 16 h or i-Pr2NEt, DMSO, 110 °C, 24 h; (ii) LiOH·H2O, THF, CH3OH, H2O, rt, 30 min-16 h; (iii) 2 N aq HCl.
