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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Endocrine. 2016 Feb 19;53(1):227–239. doi: 10.1007/s12020-016-0887-8

Table 4.

Difference in the cortisol feature change (change per year) between diabetes status groups (excluding individuals taking glucocorticoids and/or sex steroids)

Difference in the CHANGE of cortisol features by diabetes group
(exclude steroids and estrogens and progestin)		 Unadjusted
modela 		Model 1a Model 2a Model 3a
Est. p-
value		 Est. p-
value		 Est. p-
value		 Est. p-
value
Wake-up 0.032 0.120 0.032 0.120 0.033 0.112 0.028 0.186
CAR −0.027 0.168 −0.026 0.173 −0.027 0.160 −0.018 0.360
Bedtime −0.004 0.834 −0.003 0.863 −0.003 0.886 −0.004 0.816
Early decline slope 0.012 0.366 0.012 0.385 0.012 0.368 0.002 0.874
Late decline slope −0.002 0.167 −0.002 0.180 −0.002 0.181 −0.001 0.393
Overall decline slope −0.002 0.054 −0.002 0.057 −0.002 0.057 −0.002 0.110
AUC 0.011 0.491 0.011 0.484 0.011 0.466 0.005 0.729
Global test on cortisol daily curveb 0.263 0.386 0.374 0.632

The change is annual change in log-unit cortisol feature (as all cortisol features were estimated based on log-transformed cortisol values)

Model 1: Adjusted for sociodemographic factors (age, sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status)

Model 2: Adjusted for Model 1 and waist circumference, depressive symptoms, smoking status, and medication usage (no steroid or HRT adjusted due to exclusion of subject on steroids and estrogens and progestin)

Model 3: Adjusted for Model 2 and time-varying fasting glucose, anti-depressant medication use, physical activity, and typical stress day and baseline (MESA Stress I) chronic burden

a

N = 525 in Model 0; N = 523 (excluding N = 2 with missing income wealth index removed) for Model 1; N = 520 (excluding N = 1 with missing aspirin use and N = 2 with missing smoking status) for Model 2; N = 503 for Model 3 (excluding missing values in N = 1 depressant medication, N = 1 fasting glucose (missing only at MESA Stress II), N = 8 chronic burden, N = 10 physical activity, N = 7 typical stress day indicator (missing for all days in an exam), N = 1 aspirin, N = 2 smoking and N = 2 income wealth index)

b

A likelihood ratio test was used to test whether the change in the entire cortisol daily curve over time differed in diabetic as compared to non-diabetic individuals. The likelihood ratio test compared a model including diabetes, the splines, the interactions of diabetes with the splines, and time between visits to a model that added three-way interactions between diabetes, splines, and time