TABLE 1—
Characteristics of HIV-Positive Enrollees in Kaiser Permanente Northern California Before the Affordable Care Act (2012) vs After the Affordable Care Act (2014)
| Characteristics | Pre-ACA (n = 339), No. (%) |
Post-ACA (n = 549), No. (%) | P | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 37 (10.9) | 35 (6.4) | .01 | |
| Male | 302 (89.1) | 514 (93.6) | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 189 (55.8) | 282 (51.4) | .07 | |
| Black | 56 (16.5) | 78 (14.2) | ||
| Asian | 20 (5.9) | 46 (8.4) | ||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 3 (0.9) | 1 (0.2) | ||
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 2 (0.6) | 6 (1.1) | ||
| Hispanic | 58 (17.1) | 97 (17.7) | ||
| Unknown | 11 (3.2) | 39 (7.1) | ||
| Age, y | ||||
| < 30 | 28 (8.3) | 70 (12.8) | < .01 | |
| 30–39 | 72 (21.2) | 99 (18.0) | ||
| 40–49 | 132 (38.9) | 164 (29.9) | ||
| 50–59 | 96 (28.3) | 175 (31.9) | ||
| ≥ 60 | 11 (3.2) | 41 (7.5) | ||
| Deductible levela | ||||
| None | 284 (92.5) | 318 (67.9) | < .01 | |
| $1–$999 | 6 (2.0) | 62 (13.2) | ||
| ≥ $1000 | 17 (5.5) | 88 (18.8) | ||
| Payer typea | ||||
| Commercialb | 295 (96.1) | 441 (94.2) | .06 | |
| Medicaid | 7 (2.3) | 24 (5.1) | ||
| Other subsidized programs | 5 (1.6) | 3 (0.6) | ||
| HIV clinical markers | ||||
| HIV RNA levels BLQ | 243 (73.6) | 415 (79.5) | .05 | |
| Clinical AIDS | 134 (39.5) | 209 (38.1) | .67 | |
| Exchange members | . . . | 120 (21.9) | < .01 | |
Note. ACA = Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; BLQ = below limits of quantification. The pre-ACA cohort includes members enrolled between January 1, 2012, and June 30, 2012. The post-ACA cohort includes members enrolled between January 1, 2014, and June 30, 2014.
a
Does not add up to full sample size because of missing values.
b
Commercial includes large and small employer groups and individual plans.