. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016 Feb 18;21(3):162–173. doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2016.02.001

Table 1.

Potential ventilator driver, nasal interface options and support features for initiation of neonatal high frequency nasal ventilation.

Variable	Comments
Ventilator	A variety of “drivers” are possible – see Table 7 Not all have been used clinically or studied in the lab
Frequency	Dependent on device & active v passive expiratory phase Optimum f unclear Recommendation: Start oscillators at 6 – 8 Hz; others at 4 – 6 Hz
Inspiratory time	May be expressed as I:E, I-time or “On-time” V_T ≫ at 50% I:E compared to 33% Recommendation: Set I:E at 50%; for Jet use longer “on-time” than 20 msec
Amplitude/ΔP	Device dependent Increased ΔP → larger V_T ; appears to plateau ~ 70% Recommendations: Start ~ 50% max ΔP for device Adjust as possible to achieve visible chest wall vibration
Nasal interface	Single naso-pharyngeal tube Standard binasal CPAP prongs or nasal CPAP mask ? other nasal cannula interfaces Recommendations: Maximize internal diameter → Larger V_T Minimize dead space
Conventional breaths	Not all devices can provide this additional support Studied in animal studies, but not described in neonatal reports