Table 3.

Effect of invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) compared to high frequency nasal ventilation (HFNV) on the lung and brain tissues of preterm lambs with respiratory distress syndrome.

LUNG	MV	HFNV
Alveolization/Septal formation	Decreased	Increased
Mesenchymal apoptosis	Decreased	Increased
PTHrP-PPAR-γ pathway	No change	Enhanced
Angiogenic pathways	Decreased	Increased
IGF-1	Increased	Decreased
TLR-4	Increased	Decreased
VASP	Increased	Decreased
Histone acetylation	Decreased	Increased
BRAIN
Reactive gliosis/astrocytosis	Increased	Decreased
Glial/neuronal apoptosis	Increased	Decreased
Angiogenic pathways	Decreased	Increased
IGF-1	Decreased	Increased
TLR-4	Increased	Decreased
BDNF	Decreased	Increased
Histone acetylation	Decreased	Increased

PTHrP-PPAR-γ = Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein-Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ; IGF = insulin-like growth factor; TLR = toll-like receptor; VASP = vasodilator-activated phosphoprotein (stretch mediated regulator of epithelial actin-cytoskeletal remodeling); BDNF = brain derived neurotrophic factor