Table 2.
Association between sources of protein intake and gallbladder disease using Cox proportional hazards regression
| Protein source | n events (%) | Model 1a HR (95% CI) |
Model 2b HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vegetable proteinc | |||
| Quintile 1 | 2381 (9.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 2208 (8.4) | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) |
| Quintile 3 | 2062 (7.9) | 0.88 (0.83–0.94) | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) |
| Quintile 4 | 2066 (7.9) | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) |
| Quintile 5 | 1898 (7.3) | 0.79 (0.74–0.84) | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) |
| Test for trend | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |
| Continuous | 0.86 (0.83–0.89) | 0.91 (0.88–0.95) | |
| Animal proteinc | |||
| Quintile 1 | 2047 (7.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 2081 (8.0) | 1.05 (0.98–1.11) | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) |
| Quintile 3 | 2096 (8.0) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) |
| Quintile 4 | 2117 (8.1) | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) |
| Quintile 5 | 2274 (8.7) | 1.12 (1.06–1.19) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) |
| Test for trend | P < 0.001 | P = 0.754 | |
| Continuous | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | |
| Total proteinc | |||
| Quintile 1 | 2142 (8.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Quintile 2 | 2125 (8.1) | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) |
| Quintile 3 | 2100 (8.0) | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) |
| Quintile 4 | 2061 (7.9) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) |
| Quintile 5 | 2187 (8.4) | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) |
| Test for trend | P = 0.718 | P = 0.021 | |
| Continuous | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | |
a
Model 1 is adjusted for age and total energy (log-transformed)
b
Model 2 is further adjusted for BMI, physical activity, neighborhood socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, oral contraceptive use, hormone therapy use, history of liver disease, statin use, thiazide use, alcohol use, and clinical trial arm(s)
c
Energy-adjusted