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. 2016 Apr 22;9(3):158–167. doi: 10.1111/cts.12393

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© 2016 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Pretreatment with carvedilol and verapamil reduces the extent of norepinephrine (NE)‐induced sarcomeric disarray. (a) Sarcomeric disarray defined as ≥25% punctate appearance in α‐actinin staining suggests an increased number of punctate cells in control and familial dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) human‐induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)‐cardiomyocytes (CMs) after NE stress. Carvedilol and verapamil reduce this disease‐relevant phenotypic response. Scale bar: 20μm. (b) Control hiPSC‐CMs exhibit a lower percentage of disorganized cells after NE treatment compared with familial DCM hiPSC‐CMs. Carvedilol and verapamil pretreatment additionally reduced this percent disarray. (c) Familial DCM hiPSC‐CMs had an increased percentage of disorganized cells after NE stress, which was reduced by carvedilol and significantly by verapamil pretreatment. *p < 0.05.