Table 1.
Summary of calcium handling, sarcomere disarray, and apoptosis analyses in control and familial DCM hiPSC‐CMs after pharmacological modulation
| In vitro stress test | Ca2+ modulation | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Norepinephrine | Carvedilol | Verapamil | |
| Ca2+ handling: average area under the curve | ↑↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↓↓ |
| Ca2+ handling: peak amplitude | ↑↑↑↑ | ↓↓ | ↓↓ |
| Ca2+ handling: average time between peaks | ↓ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ |
| Ca2+ handling: characteristic time of extrusion | ↑↑↑ | ↓ | ↓ |
| Ca2+ handling: transient rhythm | Irregular | Irregular | Regular |
| Arrhythmia (beating activity) | Irregular | Irregular | Regular |
| Sarcomeric disarray (α‐actinin immunostaining) | ↑↑↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ |
| Cell death (TUNEL and flow cytometry) | ↑↑↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ |
| Apoptosis (flow cytometry) | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ |
Ca2+, calcium; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick‐end labeling.