Workflow of gpenelope including (a) initialization, (b) generate photons, (c) copy photons to GPUs, and (d) GPU kernel calls: RA, CO, PH, and PP are short for Rayleigh, Compton, photoelectric, and pair production while EL, IN, BR, SI, and AN are short for elastic, inelastic, bremsstrahlung, shell ionization, and annihilation, respectively. The “kernel-by-kernel” calls in sequence can help reducing instruction divergence. (e) Clean up.