Table 2.
Participation in formal learning activities at an older age: total sample and by morbidity status (unweighted)
| Variables | Categories | Total sample | Less than 2 morbidities | 2 morbidities or more | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | % | p value* | % | p value* | ||
| 1 ADL+ | 4.92 | 6.49 | 0.000 | 3.62 | 0.000 | |
| Poor mental health | 9.73 | 11.95 | 0.000 | 5.40 | 0.000 | |
| Dementia | 2.00 | 2.18 | 0.000 | 1.80 | 0.000 | |
| Gender | Male | 10.31 | 11.52 | 0.000 | 6.01 | 0.075 |
| Female | 12.83 | 14.75 | 6.78 | |||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 50–64 | 17.40 | 18.30 | 0.000 | 12.05 | 0.000 |
| 65–74 | 8.05 | 8.76 | 6.00 | |||
| 75+ | 3.03 | 3.53 | 2.29 | |||
| Marital status | Single | 13.81 | 14.78 | 0.000 | 10.05 | 0.000 |
| Married | 12.14 | 13.57 | 6.65 | |||
| Divorced | 16.96 | 18.86 | 10.84 | |||
| Widowed | 6.04 | 7.46 | 3.56 | |||
| Household size | Single | 9.99 | 11.81 | 0.000 | 5.96 | 0.023 |
| 2 persons | 10.95 | 12.32 | 6.32 | |||
| 3 persons+ | 15.10 | 16.60 | 7.70 | |||
| Human capital | ||||||
| Level of education | Primary | 4.06 | 4.69 | 0.000 | 2.48 | 0.000 |
| Secondary | 12.12 | 13.27 | 7.71 | |||
| Higher | 26.83 | 28.57 | 17.99 | |||
| Socio-economic | ||||||
| Labour market | Retired | 6.05 | 6.86 | 0.000 | 4.10 | 0.000 |
| Employed or self-employed | 26.04 | 26.22 | 24.17 | |||
| Unemployed | 12.48 | 12.03 | 14.90 | |||
| Sick or disabled | 5.07 | 5.31 | 4.72 | |||
| Other | 6.38 | 7.09 | 4.00 | |||
| Income quartilea | 1st | 6.01 | 6.90 | 0.000 | 3.72 | 0.000 |
| 2nd | 8.87 | 10.10 | 5.54 | |||
| 3rd | 12.40 | 13.85 | 7.01 | |||
| 4th | 20.28 | 21.72 | 12.58 | |||
| Social participation | ||||||
| Informal care provision | 16.98 | 19.02 | 0.000 | 9.74 | 0.000 | |
| Sport, clubs | 21.68 | 22.94 | 0.000 | 15.23 | 0.000 | |
| Voluntary work | 25.13 | 25.99 | 0.000 | 21.08 | 0.000 | |
| Religious activity | 15.95 | 17.62 | 0.000 | 10.49 | 0.000 | |
| Country | ||||||
| Denmark | 21.64 | 22.69 | 0.000 | 15.43 | 0.000 | |
| Switzerland | 20.89 | 22.18 | 13.09 | |||
| Netherlands | 19.15 | 20.41 | 10.32 | |||
| Sweden | 19.07 | 20.12 | 13.69 | |||
| Belgium | 18.79 | 21.18 | 11.01 | |||
| Austria | 13.01 | 13.68 | 10.43 | |||
| Estonia | 11.98 | 15.32 | 5.54 | |||
| Germany | 11.54 | 13.29 | 5.14 | |||
| France | 9.73 | 11.11 | 4.96 | |||
| Czech Republic | 9.14 | 10.19 | 5.93 | |||
| Slovenia | 7.59 | 7.90 | 6.26 | |||
| Portugal | 6.86 | 7.70 | 4.44 | |||
| Spain | 6.62 | 7.54 | 3.86 | |||
| Hungary | 5.64 | 7.43 | 2.16 | |||
| Italy | 2.22 | 2.56 | 1.02 | |||
| Poland | 2.22 | 2.75 | 0.50 | |||
Own calculations based on SHARE data 2010–2011
Chi-square results are significant at the 0.05 level
** p-values for Chi-square tests of association between the dependent variable (learning activity) and other characteristics between multimorbidity groups
aAdjusted for country differences in income distribution