Table 2.
Adjusted Linear Multivariate Regression Analyses Testing Associations of Race and Purchasing Decisions With Reported Paid Prices Among Adult Smokers in the 2010–2011 Tobacco Use Supplement, United States (n = 23 299)
| Model 1, B (SE) | Product-related explanations | Place-related explanations | Model 6, all product and place covariates, B (SE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 2, pack buyer (vs. carton), B (SE) | Model 3, menthol smoker, B (SE) | Model 4, purchasing off an Indian reservation, B (SE) | Model 5, average price in purchase state, B (SE) | |||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.48** (0.03) | 0.32** (0.03) | 0.42** (0.03) | 0.46** (0.03) | 0.48** (0.03) | 0.27** (0.03) |
| Hispanic | 0.41** (0.04) | 0.30** (0.04) | 0.40** (0.04) | 0.39** (0.04) | 0.42** (0.04) | 0.29** (0.03) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian/HPI | 0.34** (0.06) | 0.29** (0.06) | 0.33** (0.06) | 0.31** (0.06) | 0.35** (0.06) | 0.27** (0.06) |
| Non-Hispanic AI/AN | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.00 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.52** (0.07) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.38** (0.06) |
| Other | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.06) |
| Income | ||||||
| Below median income (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Above median income | 0.14** (0.02) | 0.19** (0.02) | 0.14** (0.02) | 0.14** (0.02) | 0.14** (0.02) | 0.19** (0.02) |
| Education | ||||||
| <High school (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| High school grad | 0.07** (0.03) | 0.09** (0.02) | 0.07** (0.03) | 0.05* (0.02) | 0.07** (0.03) | 0.07** (0.02) |
| Some college or associates degree | 0.16** (0.03) | 0.17** (0.03) | 0.15** (0.03) | 0.14** (0.03) | 0.15** (0.03) | 0.15** (0.03) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 0.38** (0.03) | 0.41** (0.03) | 0.38** (0.03) | 0.35** (0.03) | 0.38** (0.03) | 0.38** (0.03) |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–24 (ref) | ||||||
| 25–64 | −0.34** (0.03) | −0.19** (0.03) | −0.32** (0.03) | −0.31** (0.03) | −0.34** (0.03) | −0.18** (0.03) |
| ≥65 | −0.65** (0.04) | −0.29** (0.04) | −0.63** (0.04) | −0.59** (0.04) | −0.66** (0.04) | −0.26** (0.04) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Female | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.03* (0.02) |
| Urban residence | ||||||
| Does not live in an urban area (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Lives in an urban area | 0.13** (0.02) | 0.11** (0.02) | 0.13** (0.02) | 0.09** (0.02) | 0.13** (0.02) | 0.08** (0.02) |
| Smoking frequency | ||||||
| Some days (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Everyday | −0.22** (0.02) | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.26** (0.02) | −0.20** (0.02) | −0.22** (0.02) | −0.09** (0.02) |
| Smoking amount | ||||||
| ≤1 pack a day (ref) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| >1 pack a day | −0.27** (0.03) | −0.07* (0.03) | −0.27** (0.03) | −0.25** (0.03) | −0.28** (0.03) | −0.07* (0.03) |
| Product | ||||||
| Pack buyer (vs. carton buyer) | — | 0.99** (0.02) | — | — | — | 0.89** (0.02) |
| Menthol smoker | — | — | 0.16** (0.02) | — | — | 0.13** (0.02) |
| Place | ||||||
| Purchasing off an Indian reservation | — | — | — | 1.54** (0.04) | — | 1.24** (0.04) |
| Average price in purchase state | — | — | — | — | 0.52** (0.05) | 0.56** (0.04) |
AI/AN = American Indian/Alaska Native; B = beta coefficient; HPI = Hawaiian Pacific Islander; SE = standard error. All models based on linear regression with state and wave fixed effects.
*P < .05; **P < .01.