Table 4.
Demographic, clinical and laboratory data of children with a Salmonella Typhi or non-typhoidal Salmonella infection, Oriental Province, DRC, 2009–2014. Except for age, data represent numbers (%)
| Salmonella Typhi | Non-typhoidal Salmonella | Bivariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | N | Yes (%) | N | Yes (%) | OR (CI) | p-value | aOR (CI) | p-value |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Median age, months (IQR) | 16 | 96 (48–123) | 101 | 24 (12–36) | 0.96 (0.94–0.97) | 0.000 | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.000 |
| Male gender | 16 | 7 (43.8) | 108 | 63 (58.3) | 1.8 (0.62–5.19) | 0.277 | ||
| Nutritional data (age <60 months) | ||||||||
| Low weight-for-age | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 69 | 14 (20.3) | * | 1.000b | ||
| Very low weight-for-age | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 69 | 11 (15.9) | * | 1.000b | ||
| Symptoms at admission | ||||||||
| Vomiting | 13 | 9 (69.2) | 75 | 34 (45.3) | 0.36 (0.10–1.30) | 0.121 | ||
| Diarrhea | 13 | 2 (15.4) | 75 | 21 (28.0) | 2.13 (0.43–10.47) | 0.348 | ||
| Cough | 13 | 8 (61.5) | 75 | 40 (53.3) | 0.71 (0.21–2.38) | 0.584 | ||
| Dyspnea | 13 | 3 (23.1) | 75 | 35 (46.7) | 2.91 (0.74–11.45) | 0.125 | ||
| Lethargy | 13 | 9 (69.2) | 75 | 44 (58.7) | 0.63 (0.17–2.23) | 0.475 | ||
| Coma | 13 | 0 (0.0) | 75 | 1 (1.3) | * | 1.000b | ||
| Seizures | 13 | 0 (0.0) | 75 | 7 (9.3) | * | 0.588b | ||
| Pallor | 13 | 5 (38.5) | 75 | 57 (76.0) | 5.06 (1.47–17.44) | 0.010 | 5.99 (0.95–37.77) | 0.057 |
| Splenomegaly | 13 | 3 (23.1) | 69 | 18 (26.1) | 1.17 (0.29–4.75) | 0.820 | ||
| Hepatomegaly | 13 | 0 (0.0) | 69 | 13 (18.8) | * | 0.115b | ||
| Antibiotic exposure <2 weeks | 15 | 5 (33.3) | 95 | 34 (35.8) | 1.11 (0.35–3.52) | 0.853 | ||
| Diagnosis upon admissionc | ||||||||
| Malaria | 16 | 5 (31.3) | 107 | 58 (54.2) | 2.60 (0.84–8.00) | 0.088 | ||
| Pneumonia | 16 | 1 (6.3) | 107 | 17 (15.7) | 2.83 (0.35–22.89) | 0.329 | ||
| Typhoid fever | 16 | 11 (68.8) | 107 | 20 (18.7) | 0.10 (0.03–0.33) | 0.000 | ||
| Septicemia | 16 | 0 (0.0) | 107 | 13 (12.1) | * | 0.214b | ||
| Urinary tract infection | 16 | 1 (6.3) | 107 | 7 (6.5) | 1.15 (0.12–9.14) | 0.965 | ||
| Gastro-intestinal tract infection | 16 | 0 (0.0) | 107 | 4 (3.7) | * | 1.000b | ||
| Meningitis | 16 | 1 (6.3) | 107 | 8 (7.4) | 1.2 (0.13–10.28) | 0.861 | ||
| Other diagnosis | 16 | 5 (31.3) | 107 | 13 (12.0) | 0.30 (0.09–1.00) | 0.051 | ||
| Laboratory data | ||||||||
| Malaria diagnosisa | 13 | 4 (30.8) | 75 | 52 (69.3) | 5.08 (1.42–18.22) | 0.012 | 6.31 (0.99–39.95) | 0.050 |
| Anemia (Hb < 11 g/dl) | 13 | 10 (76.9) | 74 | 73 (98.6) | 21.9 (2.07–231.40) | 0.010 | ||
| Severe anemia (Hb < 5 g/dl) | 13 | 1 (7.7) | 74 | 22 (29.7) | 5.07 (0.62–41.45) | 0.129 | ||
| Transfusion/Outcome | ||||||||
| Blood transfusion | 13 | 4 (30.8) | 75 | 49 (65.3) | 4.24 (1.19–15.10) | 0.026 | ||
| Died in hospital | 13 | 1 (7.7) | 75 | 10 (13.3) | 1.84 (0.21–15.78) | 0.575 | ||
OR Odd’s’ratio, aOR adjusted Odd’s ratio
*Predicts failure perfectly
aMalaria diagnosis as confirmed by either thick blood film microscopy or rapid diagnostic test
bFisher exact test was used to calculate p value (other variables: logistic regression)
cDiagnoses upon admission were not included in the multivariate analysis