Table 2.
Carotenoid composition and content
| Color classes | RT | IY | IY | IY | IY | IY | IY | IY | IY | IY | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Py | PY | PY | PY | PY | PY | W | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carotenoid type | Cas64 | Cas56 | Cas31 | Cas61 | Cas32 | Cas57 | Cas47 | Cas62 | Cas34 | Cas68 | Cas52 | Cas35 | Cas33 | Cas60 | Cas53 | Cas66 | Cas30 | Cas74 | Cas70 | Cas71 | Cas37 | IAC12 | Cas51 | |
| Neoxanthin | 4.8 | 1.4 (±0.13) | 0.8 (0.32) | 1.37 (±0.07) | 0.35 (±0.07) | 0.83 (±0.07) | 0.15 (±0.02) | 1.43 (±0.07) | 0 | 0.86 (±0.11) | 0.39 (±0.05) | 0.76 (±0.09) | 0.46 (±0.04) | 0.42 (±0.06) | 0.18 (±0.02) | 0.09 (±0.01) | 0.05 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.01) | 0.06 (0) | 0.07 (±0.02) | 0.28 (±0.03) | 0.1 (±0.02) | 0.19 (±0.01) | 0 |
| Violaxanthin | 4.9 | 1.2 (±0.06) | 0.45 (0.22) | 0.59 (±0.25) | 0.11 (±0.09) | 0.22 (±0.07) | 0.09 (±0.01) | 0.52 (±0.029) | 0 | 0.25 (±0.16) | 0.2 (±0.07) | 0.19 (±0.05) | 0.18 (±0.06) | 0.14 (±0.02) | 0.07 (±0.03) | 0 | 0.03 (0.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.07 (±0.01) | 0 | 0.02 (0) | 0 |
| Zeaxanthin | 5.0 | 0 | 1.65 (0.20) | 1.52 (±0.12) | 0.51 (±0.04) | 0 | 0 | 2.06 (±0.011) | 0 | 1.05 (±0.15) | 0.51 (±0.06) | 0.41 (±0.10) | 0 | 0.22 (±0.04). | 0 | 0 | 0.05 (0.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Crocetin | 5.3 | 1.7 (±0.04) | 0.69 (0.29) | 1.16 (±0.01) | 0 | 0.18 (±0.02) | 0 | 0.10 (±0.02) | 0 | 0.83 (±0.08) | 0.43 (±0.08) | 0.19 (±0.02) | 0.71 (±0.04) | 0 | 0.09 (±0.04) | 0.19 (±0.01) | 0.04 (0) | 0.18 (0.02) | 0.04 (0) | 0.07 (±0.04) | 0.06 (0) | 0 | 0.3 (±0.03) | 0 |
| Lutein | 7.9 | 3.6 (±0.11) | 6.18 90.06) | 2.16 (±0.10) | 0.27 (±0.04) | 0.35 (±0.02) | 0.46 (±0.07) | 2.31 (±0.17) | 0 | 2.43 (±0.22) | 1.57 (±0.16) | 0.61 (±0.06) | 0.94 (±0.03) | 0 | 0.15 (±0.01) | 0.5 (±0.01) | 0.05 (0) | 0.14 (0.03) | 0.09 (0) | 0.12 (±0.02) | 0.12 (±0.02) | 0.04 (0) | 0.3 (±0.02) | 0 |
| Anteroxanthin | 8.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.89 (±0.04) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Lycopene | 17.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14.84 (±0.07) |
| β-cryptoxanthin | 18.5 | 0.6 (±0.04) | 0.52 (0.25) | 0.91 (±0.04) | 0.11 (±0.09) | 0.32 (±0.04) | 0 | 0.73 (±0.08) | 1.56 (±0.12) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| β-zeacaroteno | 24.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.48 (±0.11) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.05 (0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Neurosporene | 25.7 | 1.1 (±0.32) | 0.83 (0.42) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.68 (±0.07) | 1.34 (±0.03) | 0.76 (±0.05) | 0 | 0 | 0.19 (±0.02) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| ε − carotene | 28 | 0.6 (±0.03) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.47 (±0.09) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| ζ-zeacarotene | 34.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.61 (±0.09) | 0 | 0 | 2.03 (±0.09) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| All trans β − carotene | 41.6 | 6.3 (±0.23) | 5.16 (0.04) | 5.71 (±0.26) | 0.88 (±0.05) | 1.54 (±0.09) | 0.62 (±0.10) | 7.23 (±0.38) | 17.84 (±0.11) | 6.24 (±0.17) | 1.21 (±0.08) | 1.6 (±0.03) | 0.9 (±0.09) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.13 | 0.24 (±0.003) | 0.89 (±0.05) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Phytofluene1 | 41.6 | 0 | 3.65 (0.51) | 0 | 0.54 (±0.05) | 0 | 2.37 (±0.04) | 5.11 (±0.08) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 (±0.01) | 0 | 0 | 0.06 (0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 (±0.12) | 0.9 (±0.09) | 0 |
| 9-cis − β − carotene | 43.0 | 5.8 (±1.35) | 4.04 (0.24) | 4.28 (±0.59) | 0.59 (±0.05) | 1.06 (±0.02) | 0.45 (±0.19) | 5.57 (±0.42) | 10.58 (±0.27) | 5.89 (±0.10) | 0.88 (±0.04) | 1.34 (±0.11) | 0.86 (±0.06) | 0.54 (±0.02) | 0.6 (0.04) | 0.67 (±0.02) | 0.07 (0) | 0.41 | 0.09 | 0.15 (±0.02) | 0.52 (±0.04) | 0.6 (±0.13) | 0.3 (±0.02) | 0 |
| Phytofluen2 | 43.0 | 0 | 0.38 (0.16) | 0 | 0.04 (±0.03) | 0 | 0.26 (±0.04) | 0.51 (±0.013) | 0 | 0.52 (±0.20) | 0.14 (±0.03) | 0 | 0.83 (±0.05) | 0.07 (±0.02) | 0 | 0.6 (±0.05) | 0.03 (0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 13-cis-β-carotene | 45.7 | 2.0 ± 0.12) | 1.62 (0.13) | 2.29 (±0.23) | 0.23 (±0.02) | 0 | 0.20 (±0.07) | 2.22 (±0.26) | 5 (±0.26) | 1.96 (±0.26) | 0.52 (±0.04) | 0.52 (±0.14) | 0.26 (±0.06) | 0.29 (±0.01) | 0.38 (±0.01) | 0.3 (±0.01) | 0.03 (0) | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.1 (±0.02) | 0.36 (0.0) | 0.3 (±0.03) | 0.2 (±0.02) | 0 |
| Phytofluen3 | 45.7 | 0 | 1.47 (0.08) | 0 | 0.2 (±0.04) | 0 | 1.17 (±0.20) | 2.07 (±0.10) | 0 | 1.81 (±0.22) | 0.46 (±0.19) | 0 | 0.27 (±0.02) | 0.3 (±0.03 | 0 | 0.33 (0.02) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Phytoene | 52.3 | 0 | 2.27 (0.24) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.68 (0.19) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.93 (0.02) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03 (0) | 0.09 (0.01) | 0 |
| Total | 24.7 | 29.71 | 19.9 | 3.8 | 7.1 | 5.8 | 31.4 | 55.9 | 22.6 | 6.3 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 14.8 | |
| Proportion of β_carotene/total (%) | 57.6 | 36.4 | 61.4 | 44.4 | 36.6 | 22.0 | 47.8 | 59.7 | 62.3 | 41.4 | 61.6 | 36.1 | 33.5 | 66.7 | 26.9 | 24.4 | 58.8 | 56.8 | 65.3 | 76.0 | 45.8 | 21.7 | 0.0 |
Carotenoid types and content (μg/g DWt.) in storage root of 23 pigmented cassava landraces. Abbreviations accounts for RT = retention time (minutes) of HPLC_DAD in the carotenoid profile. Color class groups were named as IY – Intense yellow. Y yellow, PY pale yellow, W white, P pink. Values in parenthesis refer to standard deviation for a particular carotene obtained with two biological replications and calculated from the integration of peak area in the chromatogram