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. 2016 Jun 10;8:64. doi: 10.1186/s13073-016-0318-8

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — Cellular NADH shuttles and the urea cycle. The interplay between a the reduced G3P–NADH shuttle and b a stressed aspartate–malate NADH shuttle and its influence on c the urea cycle. The aspartate transporter AGC (aka citrin) facilitates the transport of aspartate across the mitochondrial membrane to the cytosol where it binds to citrulline in the urea cycle to help detoxify ammonium. Ineffective aspartate transport will lead to the accumulation of glutamate, citrulline, and ornithine identified in the IC and ENEG clinical phases of HBV infection