Table 4.
The Association of Individual and Relationship-Based Characteristics with Discrepancy in Reports of Parents’ Stubbornness
| Model 0 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | |
| Fixed effect | ||||||||||
| Intercept (mean) | 5.20*** | 0.17 | 3.94*** | 0.63 | 3.50*** | 0.61 | 8.95*** | 1.39 | 5.43*** | 1.51 |
| Slope (discrepancy)a | 2.15*** | 0.28 | 0.77 | 1.01 | 0.04 | 0.98 | 4.73† | 2.47 | −0.76 | 2.71 |
| Predictors of the mean | ||||||||||
| Parent characteristics | ||||||||||
| Parent gender (1 = male) | — | — | 0.23 | 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.31 |
| Both parents living (1 = yes) | — | — | −0.56 | 0.37 | −0.37 | 0.36 | −0.11 | 0.30 | −0.03 | 0.29 |
| Parent disability | — | — | — | — | 0.61*** | 0.15 | 0.42*** | 0.13 | 0.27* | 0.12 |
| Parent-reported positive RQ | — | — | — | — | — | — | −0.56** | 0.23 | −0.53* | 0.22 |
| Parent-reported negative RQ | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.76*** | 0.22 | 0.80*** | 0.21 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||||
| Child neuroticism | — | — | 0.53* | 0.23 | 0.47* | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.19 |
| Child-reported positive RQ | — | — | — | — | — | — | −1.04*** | 0.22 | −0.54* | 0.24 |
| Child-reported negative RQ | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.36† | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.20 |
| Child avoidant coping response | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.53*** | 0.15 |
| Child stress in helping parent | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.43** | 0.14 |
| Predictors of the discrepancy | ||||||||||
| Parent characteristics | ||||||||||
| Parent gender (1 = male) | — | — | 1.69** | 0.65 | 1.67** | 0.62 | 1.99*** | 0.58 | 1.91*** | 0.56 |
| Both parents living (1 = yes) | — | — | −1.74** | 0.60 | −1.45* | 0.58 | −0.95† | 0.54 | −0.90† | 0.52 |
| Parent disability | — | — | — | — | 0.99*** | 0.24 | 0.88*** | 0.22 | 0.66** | 0.22 |
| Parent-reported positive RQ | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.11 | 0.40 | 0.09 | 0.39 |
| Parent-reported negative RQ | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 0.38 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||||||
| Child neuroticism | — | — | 0.60 | 0.37 | 0.49 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 0.34 | −0.11 | 0.33 |
| Child-reported positive RQ | — | — | — | — | — | — | −1.58*** | 0.40 | −0.77† | 0.43 |
| Child-reported negative RQ | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.82* | 0.36 | 0.48 | 0.35 |
| Child avoidant coping response | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.90*** | 0.27 |
| Child stress in helping parent | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.58* | 0.25 |
| Random effect | ||||||||||
| Variance (mean) | 1.88** | 0.71 | 2.02** | 0.69 | 1.87** | 0.64 | 0.73† | 0.47 | 0.61† | 0.43 |
| Residual | 7.62*** | 0.79 | 7.12*** | 0.74 | 6.52*** | 0.68 | 5.52*** | 0.58 | 5.06*** | 0.54 |
| −2 Log likelihood | 1,916.8 | 1,883.5 | 1,853.3 | 1,750.2 | 1,698.8 | |||||
| AIC | 1,920.8 | 1,887.5 | 1,857.3 | 1,754.2 | 1,702.8 | |||||
Notes: Results represent findings from using multilevel modeling to investigate the concordance in reports of parents’ stubbornness by adult children and aging parents. Child demographics were also tried, but dropped for nonsignificance. Dyad N = 189. AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; RQ = relationship quality.
aNegative coefficients = parent is self-reporting more stubborn behaviors than child; positive coefficients = adult child is reporting more stubborn behaviors than parent self-reports.
†p < .10. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.