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. 2016 Feb 19;42(4):963–974. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbw005

Table 2.

ERP Activation Elicited by Neutral, Negative and Positive Stimuli for Healthy (HC) and Violent (NPV) Controls, Nonviolent (NV) and Violent (VS) Patients Over 5 Scalp Regionsa

Least Square Means (LSM) for Event-related Component Expressed in Cohen d and P-Values in the 3 Groups Group Difference LSM for Valence Effect: P-Values
Region HC (N = 28) NPV (N = 31) NV (N = 24) VS (N = 35) NV VS
HC-NPV NV-HC NV-NPV HC-VS NPV-VS NV-VS
Neutral stimuli
N2 Front −0.84, <.0001*** −0.77, .0002*** −0.02, .92 −0.22, .27 .88 .005*** .009** .05 .08 .44
Cent −1.02, <.0001*** −0.77, .0002*** 0.02, .92 −0.16, .42 .43 .005*** .006** .009*** .05 .49
Pari −0.80, <.0001*** −0.70, .0006*** 0.18, .37 0.03, .87 .79 .001** .003** .01** .02* .59
Temp −1.07, <.0001*** −0.89, <.0001*** −0.26, .20 −0.27, .18 .60 .006*** .02* .01** <.05 .92
Occi −0.70, .0007*** −0.62, .002*** 0.20, .30 0.02, .91 .86 .002*** .005*** .03* .04* .51
P3 Front 0.95, <.0001*** 0.71, .0006** 0.93, <.0001*** 0.59, .004** .59 .89 .51 .13 .37 .10
Cent 1.40, <.0001*** 1.01, <.0001*** 0.94, <.0001*** 0.79, .0002*** .35 .19 .73 .01* .15 .28
Pari 1.59, <.0001*** 1.07, <.0001*** 0.98, <.0001*** 0.87, <.0001 .17 .07 .66 .004** .16 .35
Temp 1.15, <.0001*** 0.79, .0002*** 0.82, .0001*** 0.60, .004** .35 .34 .99 .03* .24 .23
Occi 1.25, <.0001*** 0.81, .0001 0.76, .0003*** 0.67, .001** .23 .14 .79 .02* .30 .24
Negative stimuli
N2 Front −1.10, <.0001*** −0.90, <.0001*** 0.24, .23 −0.43, .03 .53 <.0001*** .0001*** .04* .13 .01*
Cent −1.32, <.0001*** −0.98, <.0001*** 0.12, .56 −0.63 .002** .26 <.0001*** .0002*** .04* .25 .005*
Pari −1.11, <.0001*** −0.97, <.0001*** 0.12, .55 −0.51, .01* .73 <.0001*** .0002*** .07 .14 .02*
Temp −1.41, <.0001*** −1.12, <.0001*** −0.29, .15 −0.69, .0007*** .37 .0002*** .003*** .03* .16 .11
Occi −0.84, <.0001*** −0.84, <.0001*** 0.11, .58 −0.47, .02 .89 .001** .001** .26 .22 .03*
P3 Front 0.92, <.0001*** 0.64, .002** 1.08, <.0001*** 0.30, .14 .54 .38 .16 .02* .13 .002**
Cent 1.24, <.0001*** 0.83, <.0001*** 1.02, <.0001*** 0.32, .11 .35 .68 .61 .0007*** .03 .005**
Pari 1.37, <.0001*** 0.81, <.0001*** 1.02, <.0001*** 0.33, .10 .15 .92 .41 .0002*** .04 005**
Temp 0.88, <.0001*** 0.58, .005** 0.80, .0001*** 0.19, .34 .50 .99 .52 .01* .10 .02*
Occi 1.11, <.0001*** 0.56, .006** 0.86, <.0001*** 0.19, .34 .14 .59 .36 .0009*** .11 .0009***
Positive stimuli
N2 Front −1.20, <.0001*** −0.81, <.0001*** 0.07, .74 −0.27, .18 .19 <.0001*** .003* .005*** .08 .21
Cent −1.39, <.0001*** −0.88, <.0001*** 0.12, .54 −0.22, .27 .08 <.0001*** .0006*** .0004*** .03* .20
Pari −1.10, <.0001*** −0.82, <.0001*** 0.19, .34 −0.05, .81 .36 <.0001*** .0006*** .001*** .01* .38
Temp −1.43, <.0001*** −1.07, <.0001*** −0.21, .30 −0.42, .04 .24 <.0001*** .002** .002*** .04* .40
Occi −0.87, <.0001*** −0.73, <.0001*** 0.08, .69 −0.10, .63 .68 .001*** .005*** .02* .04* .51
P3 Front 0.88, <.0001*** 0.71, .0006*** 1.13, <.0001*** 0.69, .001** .33 .28 .18 .33 .55 .04*
Cent 1.25, <.0001*** 0.90, < .0001*** 1.14, <.0001*** 0.77, .0002*** .25 .48 .67 .07 .53 .28
Pari 1.46, < .0001*** 0.85, <.0001*** 1.12, < .0001*** 0.72, .0005*** .08 .36 .42 .004** .30 .05
Temp 0.92, < .0001*** 0.51, .01* 1.00, < .0001*** 0.44, .03* .23 .63 .11 .06 .56 .02*
Occi 1.14, < .0001*** 0.43, .04 0.81, .0001*** 0.52, .01* .03* .34 .21 .01* .97 .15

Note: ERP, Event-Related Potential.

aHierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to investigate the group differences.

*P ≤ .05, **P ≤ .01, ***P ≤ .001. Values highlighted in bold remain significant after the adaptive Hochberg's procedure for correction for multiple testing.