Table 2.
Associations Between Psychosis, Psychotic Symptoms, and Violence
| PSQ 3+ | Hypomania | Thought Insertion | Paranoid Ideation | Strange Experiences | Hallucinations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI)a | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)b | |
| Any violence | 1.97 (1.32–2.93)* | 1.38 (0.96–1.99) | 1.10 (0.78–1.56) | 2.26 (1.75–2.91)* | 1.07 (0.85–1.34) | 1.26 (0.88–1.80) |
| Repetitive violence | 1.98 (1.19–3.31) | 1.67 (0.98–2.85) | 0.65 (0.37–1.16) | 2.57 (1.81–3.66)* | 0.93 (0.64–1.36) | 1.67 (0.99–2.81) |
| When intoxicated | 1.43 (0.90–2.28) | 0.89 (0.56–1.43) | 1.00 (0.64–1.57) | 1.74 (1.28–2.35)* | 1.02 (0.76–1.37) | 1.24 (0.80–1.91) |
| Severity of violence | ||||||
| Victim versatility | 1.55 (0.86–2.77) | 0.98 (0.49–1.94) | 1.09 (0.57–2.09) | 1.41 (0.92–2.16) | 1.18 (0.76–1.84) | 2.02 (1.14–3.58) |
| Victim injured | 0.91 (0.57–1.45) | 1.45 (0.93–2.26) | 0.46 (0.28–0.77) | 1.78 (1.33–2.40)* | 1.11 (0.82–1.49) | 0.87 (0.55–1.38) |
| Perpetrator injured | 2.10 (1.38–3.19)* | 1.45 (0.95–2.22) | 0.91 (0.60–1.40) | 1.65 (1.23–2.19)* | 1.03 (0.78–1.38) | 1.66 (1.11–2.49) |
| Police involved | 1.76 (1.12–2.75) | 1.50 (0.95–2.37) | 0.95 (0.60–1.50) | 1.93 (1.43–2.60)* | 1.35 (1.00–1.82) | 1.26 (0.81–1.95) |
| Minor violence | 0.97 (0.55–1.71) | 0.68 (0.37–1.25) | 1.34 (0.82–2.19) | 0.92 (0.62–1.35) | 0.86 (0.60–1.23) | 1.09 (0.64–1.84) |
| Victim of violence | ||||||
| Intimate partner | 1.79 (1.11–2.88) | 1.32 (0.78–2.25) | 1.23 (0.76–2.00) | 1.69 (1.19–2.29) | 1.69 (1.22–2.35)* | 0.71 (0.43–1.18) |
| Family member | 2.04 (1.21–3.45) | 1.23 (0.67–2.26) | 1.35 (0.76–2.42) | 1.75 (1.16–2.63) | 0.97 (0.63–1.51) | 1.57 (0.90–2.73) |
| Friend | 1.17 (0.71–1.92) | 1.52 (0.91–2.82) | 0.81 (0.47–1.38) | 1.27 (0.89–1.80) | 0.92 (0.64–1.33) | 1.29 (0.77–2.15) |
| Person known | 0.58 (0.33–1.02) | 1.04 (0.62–1.76) | 0.77 (0.45–1.31) | 1.20 (0.87–1.67) | 1.03 (0.75–1.41) | 0.90 (0.55–1.49) |
| Stranger | 1.69 (1.11–2.57) | 0.97 (0.63–1.50) | 1.03 (0.68–1.57) | 1.92 (1.45–2.54)* | 0.99 (0.74–1.31) | 1.41 (0.94–2.11) |
Note: PSQ, Psychosis Screening Questionnaire.
aAdjusted for random effects of sample and fixed effects of gender, age, marital status, employment, social class, ethnicity and comorbid drug and alcohol dependence, depression, anxiety, and ASPD.
bFurther adjusted for occurrence of other psychotic symptoms.
*Remained significant following correction for multiple testing (P < .003).