Table 1.

Overview of the effect of antidiabetic drugs on EPCs number and function.  

Author	Drug	Groups	Conclusion
Sorrentino et al., 2007	Thiazolidinedione (TZD)	T2DM patients T2DM: n = 30   Controls: n = 10	Rosiglitazone restored nitric oxide bioavailability and improved EPC function
Spigoni et al., 2012	Thiazolidinedione (TZD)	In vitro cultured ECFC isolated from subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: n = 14	Pioglitazone improved ECFC viability and capacity to form tubular-like structures
Humpert et al., 2008	Insulin	ECFC culture,   in vitro	Insulin improved EPC function
Fadini et al., 2011	Insulin	T2DM patients:  n = 42	Insulin increased EPC count
Maiorino et al., 2016	Insulin	T1DM patients  insulin infusion: n = 41	Insulin infusion increased EPC number in T1DM patients
Liao et al., 2010	Metformin	Newly diagnosed T2DM: n = 46  Non-DM: n = 51	Metformin  increased EPC number in the blood
Liu et al., 2011 [62]	GLP-1 agonists	EPC culture,  in vitro	GLP-1 enhanced EPC proliferation and VEGF production in EPC
Gonçalves et al., 2012	DPP-4 inhibitors	Diabetic rats	Sitagliptin increased the number of CD34+ cells in the blood
Mohler III et al., 2009	Atorvastatin; ezetimibe	Diabetic swines	EPC number in the circulation was increased by atorvastatin
Chang et al., 2010	Adiponectin	Adiponectin deficient db/db mice	Adiponectin rescued EPC senescence