Fig. 2.

(A) Schematic illustration of a sheltering factor (SF), developed to quantify the influence of crown structure on ice accretion from TLS point clouds. SF is calculated as the sum of filled voxels (black dots) above a measurement point (within a user-defined cone). Thus, higher SF values correspond to a higher chance of a raindrop being intercepted before reaching the measurement point (grey-scale showing layers with many branch voxels). (B–D) Three-dimensional visualizations of the voxels (red cubes) influencing SF for different target branches at an early stage (left) and at a late stage (right) during icing. All examples are given with α equal to 40 cm and β equal to 30°.