Figure 1. Presence of Bergmann glia (BG)-predominant transduction area in the cerebellum by the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter.

Mice received an injection of adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vectors expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the NSE promoter. The cerebellar slices were produced 1 week after viral injection and immunostained for GFP; S100, an astrocyte marker; and parvalbumin, a marker for Purkinje cells (PCs) and interneurons. (A) Low-magnified GFP-immunoreactive image of a sagittal section of the cerebellum. (B–E) Immunoreactive images for GFP alone (B,D) and those for GFP (green) and S100 (magenta) (C,E) from region 1 (B,C) and region 2 (D,E). Note that PCs (arrows in B), but not S100-immunolabelled BGs, in region 1 expressed GFP (C), in sharp contrast to no GFP expression in PCs and clear GFP expression in BGs in region 2 (D,E). Cells indicated with arrowheads in (E) are interneurons. ML, molecular layer; PCL, PC layer; GCL, granule cell layer. (F,G) Significant differences were found for the ratio of transduced BG to total transduced cells and for the ratio of transduced PC to total transduced cells between region 1 and region 2. IN; interneuron. Asterisks in (G) indicate statistically significant differences compared to region 1 (F); ***p < 0.001 via a Tukey post hoc test after a one-way ANOVA. (H) An illustration showing the morphology and localization of the cortical cells. Scale bar, 50 μm.