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. 2015 Jan 26;2(3):e985913. doi: 10.4161/23723556.2014.985913

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© 2015 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

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Figure 1. — Autophagy regulatory pathway. After autophagy induction, the Atg1 complex (Atg1–Atg13–Atg17–Atg29–Atg31) translocates to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is thought to be the major membrane source for autophagy (other membrane sources may include mitochondria and the plasma membrane). This leads to recruitment of the autophagy-specific form of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI(3)K) complex, which includes Vps34, Vps15, Atg6/Beclin-1 and Atg14, to the ER. To form an autophagosome, elongation and closure of the isolation membrane requires 2 protein conjugation systems, the Atg12–Atg5–Atg16 complex and the Atg8/LC3–phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) complex. See text for more details.