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. 2015 Jun 5;2(4):e981443. doi: 10.4161/23723556.2014.981443

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© 2015 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

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Figure 1. — β-catenin signaling is required for breast cancer cells to acquire stem cell features following toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation. Inhibition of both β-catenin and NF-kB is an effective strategy to control the growth of human breast cancer induced by TLR3 activation. c-MYC, NANOG, OCT3/4, and SOX2 are transcriptional factors crucial for the maintenance of pluripotent stem cells and possibly for the induction of CSCs. ALDH1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1; CSC, cancer stem cell; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NF-κB p65, nuclear factor NF-kB p65 subunit involved in NF-κB heterodimer formation, nuclear translocation, and activation; Poly(I:C), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid; TRIF, toll/interleukin-1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β.