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. 2016 Feb 14;7(10):10773–10787. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7387

Figure 3. Metformin protects against oxLDL-induced PKCα and NADPH oxidase activation in endothelial cells.

Figure 3

HUVECs were pretreated with metformin (2.5-20 μM) for 2 h, followed by exposure to oxLDL (150 μg/mL) for a further 2 h. In some cases, various pharmacological activators such as SIRT1 activator (DCHC) and AMPK activator (AICAR) were added before oxLDL stimulation. Some HUVECs were transfected with SIRT1 or AMPKα siRNAs for 48 hrs then treated with 20 μM of metformin followed by exposure to 150 μg/mL oxLDL for 24 hrs. A. PKCα activity was tested by PKCα activity assay. PKCα inhibitor (Ro-32-0432) was used to confirm whether oxLDL-caused NADPH oxidase activation by PKCα up-regulation. B. NADPH oxidase activity was tested by NADPH oxidase activity assay. Data are mean±SD of three different experiments. #p<0.05 compared with untreated control HUVECs. *p<0.05 compared with oxLDL-stimulated HUVECs. &p<0.05 compared with oxLDL+metformin treatment.