Table 2. Different signaling pathways in cancer radioresistance.
| Signaling pathway | Source | Cancer | Radiation dose | Validation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway | PC-3, DU145, LNCaP cell lines | prostate cancer | 6Gy | Western blot | [8] |
| C57BL/6J female mice xenograft | colorectal cancer | 2Gy | QRT-PCR, flow cytometry, IHC, immunofluorescence | [47] | |
| PC-3, DU145, LNCaP cell lines | prostate cancer | 2Gy | Western blot, ELISA | [11] | |
| PC-3 cell line | prostate cancer | 4Gy | Flow cytometry, Western blot | [48] | |
| A549, H1299 cell lines, A549 subcutaneously xenograft | lung cancer | 25 or 50 Gy | IHC, Western blot, RT-PCR | [50] | |
| H1299, H226B, H226Br, H460, H182 cell lines, animal xenograft | lung cancer | 3Gy | Western blot, RT-PCR, immunoprecipitation | [52] | |
| CNE-2, 5-8F, 6-10B cell lines | nasopharyngeal cancer | 4Gy (cells); 2 Gy every other day for four treatments (xenograft) | IHC, TUNEL | [54] | |
| HCT 116, SW 620, HT 29 cell lines, HCT116 subcutaneously xenograft | colorectal cancer | 5Gy/fraction, three times in one week | IHC, Western blot | [55] | |
| ERK pathway | HCT116, HT29, RKO, HCT15 cell lines | colorectal cancer | 6Gy | Western blot, qRT-PCR | [57] |
| H460, H1299 cell lines | non-small-cell lung cancer | 6Gy | Western blot, qRT-PCR | [57] | |
| U87MG, T98G cell lines | glioblastoma | 6Gy | Western blot, qRT-PCR | [57] | |
| 769P, ACHN cell lines | clear cell renal cell cancer | 6Gy | Western blot, qRT-PCR | [57] | |
| MDA-MB-231, MCF7 wild type, MCF7/HER2, MCF7/C6 cell lines | breast cancer | 10Gy | Western blot, immunoblotting | [58] | |
| KYSE-150 cell line | esophageal cancer | 2Gy or 6Gy | Western blot, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence | [59] | |
| A375 cell line | melanoma | 8Gy | Western blot, flow cytometry, ROS | [60] | |
| HeLa cell line | cervical cancer | 8Gy | Western blot, flow cytometry, ROS | [60] | |
| T98G, U138MG cell lines | glioblastoma | 4Gy | Immunoblotting, Western blot | [61] | |
| 293T, HeLa, C33A cell lines | cervical cancer | 6Gy | Immunoprecipitation, Western blot, RT-PCR | [62] | |
| HeLa, CASKI, SiHa cell lines | cervical cancer | 4Gy | Western blot, flow cytometry | [63] | |
| HNSCCUM-02T cell line | head and neck squamous cell cancer | 30Gy | ROS, SDS-PAGE, Western blot, ELISA, IHC | [64] | |
| T24 cell line | bladder cancer | 1.6Gy | Western blot | [66] | |
| Glycolysis pathway | HeLa cell line | cervical cancer | 2Gy | 2D-LC-MS/MS, Western blot | [72] |
| HepG2 cell line | liver cancer | 2Gy | Immunofluorescence, Western blot, ROS | [73] | |
| HeLa cell line | cervical cancer | 2Gy | Immunofluorescence, Western blot, ROS | [73] | |
| OE33 cell line | oesophageal adenocarcinoma | 2Gy | IHC, Western blot, qRT-PCR | [74] | |
| OECM1, KB, SAS cell lines | head and neck cancer | 60Gy | Western blot, flow cytometry, ROS | [105] | |
| CAL-33; FaDu; HSC-4; SAS; UT-SCC-5; UT-SCC-8; UT-SCC-14; UT-SCC-15; UT-SCC-45; XF354 xenografts | head and neck squamous cell cancer | 4Gy per day for two days | IHC, Western blot | [106] | |
| SCC61 cell line | head and neck squamous cell cancer | 5 Gy per day for six consecutive days | Affymetrix arrays | [75] | |
| NSCLC cell lines including A549, H460, H1299, H292, and H520, A549 xenograft | lung cancer | 4Gy (cells), 4Gy per day for 7 days (xenograft) | Western blot, IHC | [76] | |
| prostate cancer patients | prostate cancer | a total of 15 fractions or 3.5 Gy per fraction within 19 days | IHC | [107] | |
| VEGF pathway | HEC-108, HEC-6, HEC-151, Ishikawa, HEC-59, HEC-50B, HEC-1B, HEC-116 cell lines | endometrial cancer | 10Gy | qRT-PCR, Western blot | [80] |
| NR-S1 xenograft | head and neck squamous cell cancer | 30, 50 or 70Gy | IHC, qRT-PCR | [82] | |
| PC-3, C4-2B cell lines | prostate cancer | 3Gy | Immunofluorescence, Western blot | [45] | |
| HNSCCUM-02T cell line | head and neck squamous cell cancer | 30Gy | ROS, SDS-PAGE, Western blot, ELISA, IHC | [64] | |
| Notch pathway | H460 xenografts | lung cancer | 10Gy | QRT-PCR, Western blot, IHC | [91] |
| T3359, T3691, T4105, T4302, and T4597 cell lines | glioma | 1, 2, or 3Gy | RT-PCR, Western blot | [92] | |
| NCI-H1299 and NCI-H460 cell lines, NCI-H1299 xenograft | lung cancer | 2Gy (cells), 10Gy (xenograft) | Flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, Western blot, IHC, Immunofluorescence, northern blotting | [94] | |
| Wnt/β-catenin pathway | KYSE-150 cell line | esophageal cancer | 12 times (1 Gy three times, 2 Gy three times and 4 Gy three times) twice a week to a total dose of 21 Gy for 1.5 months | RT-PCR, Western blot | [100] |
| Caco-2 (HTB-37™), HT-29 (HTB-38™), HCT-116 (CCL-247™) cell lines | colorectal cancer | 5Gy | Immunoblotting, Immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR | [102] | |
| PC-3,DU145, and LNCaP cell lines, ALDH+and ALDH−DU145 xenografts | prostate cancer | 4Gy per fraction to a total dose of 56 Gy (cells), 4Gy(xenografts) | Flow cytometry, Western blot, Immunofluorescence | [103] | |
| KYSE-150 cell line, KYSE-150 xenograft | esophageal cancer | 6Gy (cells), 12Gy in three fractions every four days (xenografts) | Immunofluorescence, ELISA, IHC, Western blot | [104] |
Notes: IHC, immunohistochemistry; qRT-PCR, Quantitative real time-PCR; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; 2D LC-MS/MS, two-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.