Table 1.
Participant demographics and LV functional measures
| European | South Asian | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 542 | 457 | |
| Male (n (%)) | 419(77) | 387 (85) | 0.003 |
| Age (y) | 69.8±6.3 | 68.9±6.1 | 0.03 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 27.6±4.6 | 26.2±3.7 | <0.0001 |
| WHR | 0.97±0.07 | 1.00±0.07 | <0.0001 |
| CHD/CACs>400 AU | 76(14) | 132(29) | <0.0001 |
| Microalbuminuria (n (%)) | 76(14) | 100(22) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension (n (%)) | 295(54) | 341(75) | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138±17 | 142±18 | 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg | 77±10 | 76±10 | 0.2 |
| HR | 68±12 | 67±13 | 0.09 |
| NGT (n%) | 310(57) | 179(40) | <0.0001 |
| IGT/IFG (n%) | 133(25) | 89(19) | |
| Diabetes (n (%)) | 99(18) | 189(41) | |
| Diabetes duration (y) | 4.5(0,9) | 9.0(2,19) | 0.001 |
| Fasting Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.1(4.8,5.6) | 5.3(4.8,6.1) | 0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.9(5.6,6.2) | 6.2(5.9,6.9) | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 41(38,44) | 44(41,52) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 8.4(5.4,13) | 9.7(6.2,15) | 0.01 |
| Fasting Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.14(0.9,1.5) | 1.21(0.9,1.7) | 0.02 |
| Cholesterol: HDL (mmol/L) | 3.5(2.9,4.2) | 3.4(2.8,4.2) | 0.6 |
| LVMI-2D (g/m2.7) | 43.7±12 | 42.0±11 | 0.02 |
| LVSD (%) | 118(22) | 93 (20) | 0.6 |
| EF (%) | 61±10 | 62±9 | 0.4 |
| Peak s’ (cm/s) | 7.80±1.4 | 7.46±1.4 | 0.0001 |
| LVDD n(%) | 511(94) | 422(92) | 0.2 |
| E:A | 0.84±0.2 | 0.89±0.3 | 0.005 |
| DT (ms) | 245±51 | 236±50 | 0.006 |
| Peak e’ (cm/s) | 7.21±1.8 | 7.20±1.8 | 0.9 |
| E:e’ | 8.75±2.8 | 9.85±3.1 | <0.0001 |
| LADi (cm/ m2.7) | 0.96±0.2 | 0.99±0.2 | 0.0007 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 134(123,149) | 150(136,164) | 0.2 |
| NT-proBNP adjusted for LV mass | 131(118,144) | 156(141,170) | 0.02 |
Data are mean±SD, median (interquartile range) for skewed data , n (%) for categorical data and mean (95%CI) for NT-proBNP. BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio; CACS, coronary artery calcification score; CHD, coronary heart disease; SBP, brachial systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure ; HR heart rate; NGT normal glucose tolerance; IGT impaired glucose tolerance; IFG impaired fasting glucose; Total cholesterol: HDL (high-density lipoprotein) ratio; HbA1c, glycated heamoglobin; LVMI, left ventricle mass indexed to height2.7; LVSD,LV systolic dysfunction; Peak s’, mitral annular peak systolic velocity; EF, ejection fraction; LVDD, LV diastolic dysfunction; E:A, Mitral E wave : A wave ratio; DT Mitral E wave deceleration time; Peak e’, mitral annular early peak diastolic velocity; E/e’ estimated filling pressure; LADi, LA diameter indexed to height2.7.