Table 1.

Selected clinical studies (n ≥5) evaluating idiotype-presenting dendritic cell vaccinations in multiple myeloma.

Study (year)	n	DC type	Timing of vaccination/adjuvant	Immunologic responses	Ref.
Reichardt et al. (1999)	12	Immature DC	HDT followed by Id vaccination/KLH	2/12 Id-specific proliferative response; 1/3 Id-specific CTL response	[121]
Lim et al. (1999)	6	Monocyte-derived DC	Three following chemotherapy and three untreated/KLH	5/6 Id-specific proliferative response; 3/6 increased Id-specific CTL precursor frequency	[133]
Liso et al. (2000)	26	Immature DC	HDT followed by Id vaccination/KLH	4/26 Id-specific proliferative response	[122]
Titzer et al. (2000)	11	CD34+ cell-derived DC	Following chemotherapy (two with HDT)/none (used GM-CSF)	4/10 Id-specific T-cell response by ELISPOT	[78]
Yi et al. (2002)	5	Monocyte-derived DC	HDT followed by Id vaccination/IL–2	2/5 Id-specific proliferative response; 4/5 Id-specific T-cell response by ELISPOT	[134]
Reichardt et al. (2003)	12	Monocyte-derived DC	HDT followed by Id vaccination/KLH and GM-CSF	2/12 Id-specific proliferative response; 1/12 Id-specific CTL response	[76]
Röllig et al. (2011)	9	Mature monocyte-derived DC	Stage l MM/KLH	5/9 Id-specific proliferative response; 8/9 Id-specific cytokine release	[135]

CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte; DC: Dendritic cell; ELISPOT: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot; HDT: High-dose therapy; Id: Idiotype; KLH: Keyhole limpet hemocyanin; MM: Multiple myeloma.