Table 5.
Characteristics of the studies and the scales and inventories used to assess PTSD after TBI.
| Reference | Study design | Study population | Number of analyzed studies/type of studies | Instruments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Betthauser et al. (108) | Systematic review | Military veterans with TBI | (30/47) | CAPS, DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR, DTS NSI, PCL, PCL-C, PCL-M, PC-PTSD, TSI |
| Brady et al. (109) | Review | Veterans with PTSD, SUD, TBI | N/A | CAPS, IES-R, MPSS-SR, M-PTSD, NWS-PTSD, PCL-M, PSEI, SUD |
| Capehart and Bass (19) | Review | Veterans with TBI and PTSD | N/A | PCL |
| Carlson et al. (110) | Systematic review | TBI | 31 | BSI, CAPS, CIDI, IES, IES-R, PCL-M, PCL, PTSD-I, PDS, PSS, PSE, SCID |
| Carlson et al. (111) | Systematic review | mTBI/PTSD | 34 | CAPS, IES, PDS |
| Cooper et al. (31) | Systematic review | Military veterans with mTBI | (10/19) | CAPS, MPAI-4, NSI, PCL, PCL-C, PCL-M, PHQ |
| Daggett et al. (33) | Systematic review | Veterans/military with TBI | (1/17) | PCL-C, SCID |
| Garrelfs et al. (20) | Systematic review | ABI (TBI = 4) | (1/7) | SCID-I |
| Gill et al. (4) | Systematic review | TBI | 28 | CAPS, CIDI, IES, IES-R, SCID, PCL, PDS, PSS, PTSD-I |
| Harvey et al. (112) | Review | TBI | N/A | CAPS, CIDI, DIS, DSM-IV, ICD-10, IES, PSS, PSE, Penn Inventory, PTSD-I, SCID |
| Hesdorffer et al. (37) | Systematic review | TBI | (5/N/A) | CIDI, CAPS |
| Karr et al. (113) | Systematic review | Blast-related mTBI | 9 | CAPS |
| Kennedy et al. (114) | Review | Military veterans with mTBI or PCS | N/A | DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR |
| Kim et al. (21) | Systematic review | TBI | (16/66) | CAPS, DSM-III-R, PSE, IES, CIDI, DSM-IV, PDS, PTSD-I, SCID |
| Matarazzo et al. (18) | Systematic review | Veterans/military with TBI | 3 | CAPS, PCL-S |
| Moore et al. (99) | Review | mTBI | N/A | DSM-III-R, MCMI-III, MMPI |
| O’Neil et al. (23) | Systematic review | Veterans/military with mTBI | (17/31) | CAPS, PCL, PCL-C, PCL-M, PCL-S, SCID |
| O’Neil et al. (22) | Systematic review | Veterans/military with mTBI | (17/31) | CAPS, PCL, PCL-C, PCL-M, PCL-S, SCID |
| McMillan et al. (115) | Review | TBI | N/A | DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, IES |
| Rice and Sher (116) | Review | Veterans with TBI | N/A | DSM, PCL, PHQ |
| Rogers and Read (25) | Review | TBI | (7/N/A) | BEC, IES, HSCL, PTSD-I, SCL-90-R, SCID |
| Soo and Tate (26) | Systematic review | mTBI | (1/3) | CAPS, IES |
| Steel et al. (45) | Systematic review | Traumatic injury | N/A | PTSD-I, CAPS, CIDI, SCID, SI-PTSD, DIS, PDS, IES-R, PC-PTSD, PCL, HTQ, M-PTSD, Civilian-MSS, Purdue PTSD, Penn Inventory, TSI |
| Tanev et al. (117) | Systematic review | TBI | N/A | ANAM, CAPS, DTS, NSI, PSS, PCL, SI-PTSD, TSI |
| Trachtman (118) | Review | Veterans with TBI | N/A | DSM-IV, Halstead-Reitan test, ICD-9, MMPI, PCL-M, PDHA, PDHRA |
| Wall (119) | Systematic review | TBI in military and veteran population | 20 | ANAM, BSI, DSM-IV, ICD-9, ICD-10PCL, M-PTSD, NSI, PCL-M, PCL-C, PDHA, PDHRA, PHQ |
PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; mTBI, mild traumatic brain injury.
Scales: ASDI, Acute Stress Disorder Interview; CAPS, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview; CSQ, Coping Style Questionnaire; Civilian-MSS, Civilian Mississippi Scale; DTS, Davidson Trauma Scale; DIS, Diagnostic Interview Schedule; M-PTSD, Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD; IES, Impact of Events Scale; IES-R, Impact of Events Scale-Revised; HTQ, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire; PCL, PTSD Checklist; PCL-C, PTSD Checklist – Civilian version; PCL-M, PTSD Checklist – Military version; PCL-S, PTSD Checklist – Stressor specific; PC-PTSD, Primary Care PTSD Screen; PDS, Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale; PSE, Present State Examination; PSS, Posttraumatic Stress Scale; PSS-I, PTSD Symptoms Scale-Interview; SI-PTSD, Structured Interview for PTSD; PTSD-I, PTSD interview; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM; TSI, Trauma Symptoms Inventory.