Table 3.
Carotenoids in the selected indigenous tropical fruits.
| Fruit | Malaysia | Other countries |
|---|---|---|
| Averrhoa bilimbi | β-carotene: 28.99 mg/100 g DW [14] | Total carotenoids: 4.7 mg/100 g [18] Carotene: 0.035 mg/100 g [62] |
|
| ||
| Baccaurea macrocarpa | Total carotenes (β-carotene equivalent, DW): 1.47 mg/100 g [54]; 0.81 mg/g (pericarp), 0.69 mg/g (pulp) [20] | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Baccaurea motleyana | No report from the literature | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Bouea macrophylla | Carotenoids: lutein (0.457 mg/100 g), cryptoxanthin (0.155 mg/100 g), γ-carotene (0.052 mg/100 g), β-carotene (0.301 mg/100 g) [63] |
β-carotene: 23 mg/100 g [64] α-carotene (23 mg/100 g) [51] |
|
| ||
| Canarium odontophyllum | Xanthophylls (mg/100 g in peel/pulp): all-trans lutein (0.16/0.04), 9-cis lutein (0.03/0.01), 13-cis lutein (0.06/0.02) [65] Carotenes (mg/100 g in peel/pulp): di-cis-β-carotene (0.07/0.04), 15-cis-β-carotene (1.83/1.19), 9-cis-β-carotene (3.96/0.58), all-trans-β-carotene (6.95/3.11), 13-cis-β-carotene (1.94/0.57) [65] Total carotenoids (mg β-carotene equivalent/100 g DW): 2.84 (pericarp), 0.66 (kernel) [66] |
No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Cynometra cauliflora | No report from the literature | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Durio kutejensis | Total carotenes (β-carotene equivalent): 11.16–14.97 mg/100 g DW [54] β-carotene: 7.57–10.99 mg/100 g DW [54] |
No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Garcinia hombroniana | No report from the literature | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Garcinia parvifolia | Total carotenoids (β-carotene equivalent, mg/100 g DW): 3 (pulp); 17 (peel) [29] | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Mangifera foetida | Total carotenes (β-carotene equivalent): 2.58–4.81 mg/100 g DW [54] Total carotenoids (β-carotene equivalent): 0.65 mg/100 g DW [30]; 0.01–0.15 mg/100 g [26] Carotene: 0.26 mg/100 g [67] |
No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Mangifera pajang | Xanthophylls (mg/100 g peel/pulp, DW): cryptoxanthin (0.60/1.18), cis-cryptoxanthin (0.07/ND) [11] Carotenes (mg/100 g peel/pulp, DW): all-trans-α-carotene (4.2/7.96), cis-β-carotene (2.53–3.64/2.72–3.74), all-trans-β-carotene (13.09/20.04) [11] β-carotene: 42.21 mg/100 g dried pulp [36] |
No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Phyllanthus emblica | No report from the literature | Lutein (49 µg/100 g), β-carotene (32 µg/100 g) [68] |
|
| ||
| Syzygium jambos | Total carotenes (β-carotene equivalent): 3.35 mg/100 g DW [54] | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Syzygium malaccense | Total carotenes (β-carotene equivalent): 1.41 mg/100 g DW [54] | Total carotenes (mg/100 g): 0.003–0.008 [69] Carotenes (mg/100 g): α-carotene (0.14), β-carotene (0.18) [45] |
|
| ||
| Ziziphus mauritiana | No report from the literature | No report from the literature |
ND: not detected; DW: dry weight. Some of these fruits contain no carotenoids.