Table 4.
Terpenes and terpenoids in selected indigenous tropical fruits.
| Fruit | Malaysia | Other countries |
|---|---|---|
| Averrhoa bilimbi | Terpenes (% area): limonene (0.4%), linalool (0.2%), α-terpineol (0.5), (E,E)-α-farnesene (1.3%) [16] | Terpenes (mg/kg): α-pinene (<0.01), p-cymene (0.02), limonene (0.12), 1,8-cineole (0.02), γ-terpinene (0.02), terpinolene (<0.01), α-terpineol (0.03), δ-cadinene (0.03), α-calacorene (0.01) [19] |
|
| ||
| Baccaurea macrocarpa | No report from the literature | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Baccaurea motleyana | Terpenes (minor components) [74] | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Bouea macrophylla | Terpenes (% area): (E)-β-ocimene (68.59%), α-pinene (8.04%) [75] | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Canarium odontophyllum | Saponin derivatives (in defatted dabai pulp and peel) [24] | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Cynometra cauliflora | No report from the literature | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Durio kutejensis | No report from the literature | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Garcinia hombroniana | No report from the literature | Triterpenoids: 17,14-friedolanostanes [(24E)-3α-hydroxy-17,14-friedolanostan-8,14,24-trien-26-oic acid; methyl (24E)-3α,23-dihydroxy-17,14-friedolanostan-8,14,24-trien-26-oate; methyl (24E)-3α,9,23-trihydroxy-17,14-friedolanostan-14,2 4-dien-26-oate]; lanostanes [3β- and 3α-hydroxy-23-oxo-9,16-lanostadien-26-oic acid] [76] |
|
| ||
| Garcinia parvifolia | No report from the literature | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Mangifera foetida | Oxygenated monoterpenes (20.3% area) [77] | Triterpenes: mangiferenes A and B [78] |
|
| ||
| Mangifera pajang | Monoterpenes (% area): α-pinene (67.2%) and α-phellandrene (11.0%) [79] | No report from the literature |
|
| ||
| Phyllanthus emblica | Terpenoids and saponins [37] | Terpenoids (% area): β-caryophyllene (5.39%), β-bourbonene (38.23%) [80] |
|
| ||
| Syzygium jambos | Monoterpenes (% area): linalool (3.58), myrcene (2.44%), geraniol (2.25%), citronellol (0.74%), nerol (0.39%), α-terpineol (0.33%), cis-rose oxide (0.27%), geranial (0.19%), limonene (0.15%), (E)-β-ocimene (0.13%), trans-rose oxide (trace) [80] Sesquiterpenes (% of essential oil): α-cubebene (0.29%), δ-cadinene (0.17%) [81] |
Terpenoids: geraniol, nerol, linalool, hotrienol, citronellol, rose oxides [82] Monoterpene: linalool (16.5-37.51 ppb) [83] |
|
| ||
| Syzygium malaccense | Monoterpenes (% area): limonene (0.71%), linalool (0.14%), geraniol (0.06%), nerol (trace) [81] Sesquiterpenes (% area): δ-cadinene (0.5), α-selinene (0.1%), humulene (0.09%) [81] |
No report from literature |
|
| ||
| Ziziphus mauritiana | No report from the literature | Saponin: 7.13% [49] |