Table 6.

Bioactive ingredients and medicinal properties of selected indigenous tropical fruits.

Fruit	Bioactives	Medicinal properties∗	Experimental models
Averrhoa bilimbi	Flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenoids	Antihypercholesterolemic [96]	Triton-induced hypercholesterolemic rats
		Antibacterial [98, 114]	Disc diffusion method: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
		Antidiabetes [97]	Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Baccaurea macrocarpa	No report from the literature
Baccaurea motleyana	Phenolic compounds	Antimicrobial (peel) [102]	Disc diffusion method: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungus, and yeast
Bouea macrophylla	No report from the literature
Canarium odontophyllum	Flavonoids and anthocyanins	Antiatherosclerosis [99]	Cholesterol-induced hypercholesterolemic rabbits
Cynometra cauliflora	Phenolic compounds	Antileukemic [103]	Human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 and normal mouse fibroblast NIH/3T3 cell cultures
Durio kutejensis	Not reported	Antimelanogenesis effect [115]	Tyrosinase assay and melanin inhibition in B16 melanoma cell cultures
Garcinia hombroniana	Phenolic compounds	Inhibition of platelet aggregation and LDL-peroxidation [26]	Human whole blood from healthy subjects: in vitro LDL oxidation and antiplatelet aggregation assay.
Garcinia parvifolia	Phenolic compounds	Antimicrobial [116]	Well diffusion method: pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria
Mangifera foetida	No report from the literature
Mangifera pajang	Phenolic compounds and carotenoids	Antihypercholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic [36]	Cholesterol-induced hypercholesterolemic rabbit model
		Anticancer (kernel) [117]	MTT assay: HepG2, HT-29 and Caov3 cultures
		Hepatoprotective effect [107]	HepG2 cell culture and western blot method
Phyllanthus emblica	Phenolic compounds	Gastric ulcer healing effect [118]	Indomethacin-induced ulceration of rats
		Anticlastogenicity [119]	Cochran-Armitage trend test: bone marrow cells of Swiss albino mice treated with lead and aluminum
		Antiproliferative [120]	MTT assay: MCF-7 tumor cell culture
		Antimicrobial [41]	TLC-bioautographic method: drug-resistant bacteria and yeast
		Anticancer [121]	In vitro cytotoxicity assays: human lung carcinoma (A549) and HepG2 cell lines
		Antiaging effect [122]	In vitro MMP-1, MMP-2, and elastase inhibition assays: inhibitions of collagenase and elastase
		Chondroprotection [123]	In vitro enzymatic assays: explant cultures of cartilage from osteoarthritis patients
Syzygium jambos	Phenols, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids	Antifungal (seed) [124]	Disc diffusion method: microbroth dilution technique (Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum canis, and Candida albicans)
Syzygium malaccense	Phenolic compounds and terpenes	Antimicrobial [125]	Disc diffusion method: test bacteria on Mueller Hinton Agar, and yeast on Potato Dextrose Agar
Ziziphus mauritiana	Phenolic compounds and saponin	Antihyperglycemic, antidiarrhoeal, and hepatoprotective [126]	Glucose overloaded hyperglycemic rats, castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice, and tetrachloromethane-induced liver damage in rats, respectively
		Anticancer [46]	Neutral red assay: cytotoxicity of various cultivars of jujube against different cancer cell lines Apoptosis detection by flow cytometry

^∗The medicinal properties are reported based on in vitro and in vivo animal studies, as well as human intervention trials.