Table 3.
Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives Subscale Scores (Adjusteda Mean ± SE) by Smoking Status and Gender (n = 2376)
| Nondaily smokers (n = 1201) | Daily smokers (n = 1175) | Gender × smoking group interaction | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 531) | Women (n = 670) | β, P | Men (n = 463) | Women (n = 712) | β, P | F-value, P | |
| Affiliative attachment | 3.3±0.1 | 2.7±0.1 | 0.70, <.0001 | 3.9±0.1 | 3.9±0.1 | 0.01, .9459 | 23.22, <.0001 |
| Affective enhancement | 3.9±0.1 | 3.3±0.1 | 0.52, <.0001 | 4.6±0.1 | 4.7±0.1 | −0.07, .4683 | 10.34, .0013 |
| Automaticity | 3.9±0.1 | 3.1±0.1 | 0.75, <.0001 | 4.7±0.1 | 4.9±0.1 | −0.14, .1945 | 42.40, <.0001 |
| Loss of control | 3.4±0.1 | 2.7±0.1 | 0.64, <.0001 | 4.4±0.1 | 4.6±0.1 | −0.16, .0992 | 19.07, <.0001 |
| Cognitive enhancement | 3.8±0.1 | 3.1±0.1 | 0.66, <.0001 | 4.4±0.1 | 4.4±0.1 | 0.00, .9977 | 20.57, <.0001 |
| Craving | 3.7±0.1 | 3.2±0.1 | 0.58, <.0001 | 4.8±0.1 | 5.0±0.1 | −0.16, .0931 | 36.43, <.0001 |
| Cue exposure/associative processes | 3.9±0.1 | 3.5±0.1 | 0.43, <.0001 | 4.5±0.1 | 4.5±0.1 | −0.05, .5937 | 14.02, .0002 |
| Social/environmental goads | 3.9±0.1 | 3.6±0.1 | 0.32, .0041 | 4.3±0.1 | 4.3±0.7 | 0.03, .7632 | 3.15, .0610 |
| Taste | 4.4±0.1 | 3.8±0.1 | 0.66, <.0001 | 5.1±0.1 | 5.0±0.1 | 0.08, .4087 | 31.15, <.0001 |
| Tolerance | 3.4±0.1 | 2.5±0.1 | 0.83, <.0001 | 4.5±0.1 | 4.5±0.1 | −0.02, .7934 | 38.18, <.0001 |
| Weight control | 3.2±0.1 | 2.9±0.1 | 0.28, .0124 | 3.4±0.1 | 3.6±0.1 | −0.20, .0759 | 44.95, .0004 |
| Primary dependence motivesb | 3.6±0.1 | 2.9±0.1 | 0.74, <.0001 | 4.6±0.1 | 4.7±0.1 | −0.14, .0863 | 49.13, <.0001 |
| Secondary dependence motivesc | 3.8±0.1 | 3.3±0.1 | 0.52, <.0001 | 4.3±0.1 | 4.4±0.0 | −0.03, .6864 | 26.03, <.0001 |
SE = standard error.
aStepwise adjustments were made hierarchically (age, race, education, employment, income, and cigarettes/d).
bComprised of the following subscales: automaticity, loss of control, craving, and tolerance.
cComprised of the following subscales: affiliative attachment, affective enhancement, cognitive enhancement, cue exposure/associative processes, social/environmental goads, taste, and weight control.