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. 2015 Sep 16;18(6):1517–1525. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntv187

Table 5.

Summary of Publications Reporting Cotinine and Nicotine Levels in Agricultural Workers Exposed to Tobacco

Citation Country Research population Biological matrix Cotinine and nicotine levels reported
Oliveria et al.17 Brazil Farmworkers, GTS, smokers Urine Cotinine: median 811ng/ml
Farmworkers, GTS, nonsmokers Urine Cotinine: median 288ng/ml
Bartholomay et al.18 Brazil Tobacco workers, GTS Urine Cotinine: mean 432ng/ml (SD 476)
Tobacco workers, no GTS Urine Cotinine: mean 353ng/ml (SD 549)
Onkui et al.21 Malaysia Tobacco workers, smoking >10 cigarettes/da Urine Cotinine: median 1846.7ng/mla
Tobacco workers, smoking 1–10 cigarettes/da Urine Cotinine: median 1564.7ng/mla
Tobacco workers, nonsmokers Urine Cotinine: median 29.2ng/mla
Kongtip et al.22 Thailand Tobacco processing workers, nonsmokers Urine Cotinine: median 3030ng/ml, range 200 to 5180ng/mlb
D’Alessandro et al.23 Italy Female tobacco workers, nonsmokers Blood Nicotine: mean 0.79 (SE 0.12) ng/ml to 3.45 (SE 0.84) ng/ml
Urine Nicotine: mean 69.5 (SE 14.3) ng/ml to 158.3(SE 42.5) ng/ml
Blood Cotinine: mean 8.74 (SE 1.7) ng/ml to 20.54 (SE 9.55) ng/ml
Urine Cotinine: mean 81.90 (SE 34.82) ng/ ml to 108.84 (SE 47.02) ng/ml
Female hospital workers, nonsmokers Blood, Urine Negligible
Satora et al.24 Poland Tobacco farmer, GTS Urine Cotinine: 869ng/ml
Trapé-Cardoso et al.25 USA (Connecticut) Farmworkers (shade tobacco), smokers Saliva Cotinine: range 16ng/ml to 194ng/ml
Farmworkers (shade tobacco), nonsmokers Saliva Cotinine: not measurable
Quandt et al.27 USA (North Carolina) Farmworkers, current smokers Saliva Cotinine: mean 145 (SE 20) ng/ml
Farmworkers, current occasional smokers Saliva Cotinine: mean 75 (SE 11) ng/ml
Farmworkers, not current but occasional smokers Saliva Cotinine: mean 57 (SE 9) ng/ml
Farmworkers, nonsmokers Saliva Cotinine: mean 46 (SE 7) ng/ml

GTS = green tobacco sickness; SE = standard error.

aAfter adjustment for body surface area.

bConverted from µg/ml.