Table 5.
Citation | Country | Research population | Biological matrix | Cotinine and nicotine levels reported |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oliveria et al.17 | Brazil | Farmworkers, GTS, smokers | Urine | Cotinine: median 811ng/ml |
Farmworkers, GTS, nonsmokers | Urine | Cotinine: median 288ng/ml | ||
Bartholomay et al.18 | Brazil | Tobacco workers, GTS | Urine | Cotinine: mean 432ng/ml (SD 476) |
Tobacco workers, no GTS | Urine | Cotinine: mean 353ng/ml (SD 549) | ||
Onkui et al.21 | Malaysia | Tobacco workers, smoking >10 cigarettes/da | Urine | Cotinine: median 1846.7ng/mla |
Tobacco workers, smoking 1–10 cigarettes/da | Urine | Cotinine: median 1564.7ng/mla | ||
Tobacco workers, nonsmokers | Urine | Cotinine: median 29.2ng/mla | ||
Kongtip et al.22 | Thailand | Tobacco processing workers, nonsmokers | Urine | Cotinine: median 3030ng/ml, range 200 to 5180ng/mlb |
D’Alessandro et al.23 | Italy | Female tobacco workers, nonsmokers | Blood | Nicotine: mean 0.79 (SE 0.12) ng/ml to 3.45 (SE 0.84) ng/ml |
Urine | Nicotine: mean 69.5 (SE 14.3) ng/ml to 158.3(SE 42.5) ng/ml | |||
Blood | Cotinine: mean 8.74 (SE 1.7) ng/ml to 20.54 (SE 9.55) ng/ml | |||
Urine | Cotinine: mean 81.90 (SE 34.82) ng/ ml to 108.84 (SE 47.02) ng/ml | |||
Female hospital workers, nonsmokers | Blood, Urine | Negligible | ||
Satora et al.24 | Poland | Tobacco farmer, GTS | Urine | Cotinine: 869ng/ml |
Trapé-Cardoso et al.25 | USA (Connecticut) | Farmworkers (shade tobacco), smokers | Saliva | Cotinine: range 16ng/ml to 194ng/ml |
Farmworkers (shade tobacco), nonsmokers | Saliva | Cotinine: not measurable | ||
Quandt et al.27 | USA (North Carolina) | Farmworkers, current smokers | Saliva | Cotinine: mean 145 (SE 20) ng/ml |
Farmworkers, current occasional smokers | Saliva | Cotinine: mean 75 (SE 11) ng/ml | ||
Farmworkers, not current but occasional smokers | Saliva | Cotinine: mean 57 (SE 9) ng/ml | ||
Farmworkers, nonsmokers | Saliva | Cotinine: mean 46 (SE 7) ng/ml |
GTS = green tobacco sickness; SE = standard error.
aAfter adjustment for body surface area.
bConverted from µg/ml.