Table 3. Summary of Age-Related Clinical Findings Adapted from Maes et al²⁵ .

Clinical Measure	Clinical Findings	Literature
Rotational vestibular testing	Reduced VOR gain for the low frequencies	Wall et al83; Peturka et al79; Paige71; Furman and Redfern23
	Reduced VOR for the high frequencies	Li et al115
	Reduced VOR gain to higher stimulus velocities	Paige70; Baloh et al28
	Increased VOR phase lead for low frequencies	Li et al115; Paige et al71
	Increased VOR phase lead for high frequencies	Baloh et al28; Peterka et al79; Furman and Redfern23
	VOR asymmetry	None reported
	Decreasing time constant	Baloh et al28
	Larger time constant asymmetry	Stefansson and Imoto116; Dizio and Lackner117; Furman and Redfern23
Videonystagmography	Decreasing max slow-phase velocity	Stefansson and Imoto116
	Increasing directional preponderance	Stefansson and Imoto116
	Increasing max slow-phase velocity to maximum age followed by a slight decline	Bruner and Norris73 (60–70 y); Karlsen et al76 (60–70 y); Mulch and Petermann (50 y)51
	No change reported	Peterka et al79; Mallinson and Longridge80; Zapala et al118
Vestibular evoked myogenic potential	Decreasing absolute amplitude	Welgampola and Colebatch95; Ochi and Ohashi119; Su et al94; Zapala and Brey96; Basta et al120 121; Brantberg et al92; Lee et al93
	Increasing threshold	Welgampola and Colebatch95; Su et al94
	Prolonged P1–N1 latencies	Zapala and Brey96; Brantberg et al92; Lee et al93

Abbreviation: VOR, vestibular ocular reflex.