Figure 5.

Serum leptin, serum glucose, hypothalamus AMPK (total), and hypothalamus pAMPK levels at the end of the treatment. Leptin levels increased as a function of age in the control and IF groups, but not in the rapamycin-treated animals. At both ages, leptin levels were significantly lower in the rapamycin-treated animals relative to control and IF groups. Total AMPK and pAMPK levels were not altered by treatment in young animals. Levels of both total AMPK and pAMPK were significantly decreased following IF and rapamycin treatment. AMPK and pAMPK are expressed as the ratio to GAPDH. * indicates a decrease relative to control animals, and + indicates an increase relative to young animals.