Table 1.
The Effect of Rapamycin on Mouse Lifespan
| Strain | Sex | Starting Age | Rapa Dose | Route | Control (days) | Δ Lifespan (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wild-type mice | |||||||
| UM-HET3 | Male | 20 months | 14 ppm | Diet | — | 9 | (40) |
| UM-HET3 | Female | 20 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 881–895 | 14 | (40) |
| C57BL/6J.Nia | MF | 22–24 months | 4mg/kg | IP 1×/2 days | ~795 | >14a | (39) |
| UM-HET3 | Female | 9 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 843–891 | 18 | (41) |
| UM-HET3 | Male | 9 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 780–851 | 10 | (41) |
| 129/Sv | Female | 2 months | 1.5mg/kg | SC 3×/week 2 weeks per 4 | 759 | 10 | (93) |
| C57BL/6J.Rj | Male | 4, 13, or 20 months | 14 ppm | Diet | ~900 | ~10a | (38) |
| UM-HET3 | Male | 9 months | 4.7 ppm | Diet | 807 | 3NS | (42) |
| UM-HET3 | Male | 9 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 807 | 13 | (42) |
| UM-HET3 | Male | 9 months | 42 ppm | Diet | 807 | 23 | (42) |
| UM-HET3 | Female | 9 months | 4.7 ppm | Diet | 896 | 16 | (42) |
| UM-HET3 | Female | 9 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 896 | 21 | (42) |
| UM-HET3 | Female | 9 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 896 | 26 | (42) |
| C57BL/6J.Nia | Male | 4 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 806* | 11* | (114) |
| C57BL/6J.Nia | Female | 4 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 826* | 16* | (114) |
| C57BL/6J.Nia | Female | 20 months | 2mg/kg | IP 1×/5 days | 897 | 7 | (45) |
| Disease models | |||||||
| Pten −/− | MF | 1 month | 10mg/kg (Everolimus) | Oral | 66* | >292*a | (115) |
| FVB/N HER-2/neu | Female | 2 months | 1.5mg/kg | SC 3×/week 2 weeks per 4 | 288 | 13.6 | (116) |
| SOD1 H46R/HR8Q | MF | 1.5 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 232 | NS | (117) |
| p53 +/− | Male | <5 months | 1.5mg/kg | Water | 373* | 28* | (118) |
| p53 +/− | Male | >5 months | 1.5mg/kg | Water | 373* | 10* | (118) |
| p53 −/− | Male | 2 months | 0.5mg/kg | Oral 1×/day 5 days on/9 days off | 161 | 35 | (119) |
| Lmna −/− | MF | 1 month | 14 ppm | Diet | 46 | 35 | (120) |
| Lmna −/− | MF | 1 month | 8mg/kg | IP 1x/2 days | 55 | 56 | (120) |
| Rb1 +/− | Male | 2 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 369 | 13.8 | (121) |
| Rb1 +/− | Female | 2 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 378 | 8.9 | (121) |
| Bmal1 −/− | MF | 16 weeks | 0.5mg/kg | Water | ~240 | 47 | (122) |
| HER-2/neu | Female | 2, 4, or 5 months | 0.45mg/kg | SC 3×/week 2 weeks per 4 | 282, 278, 289 | 5.7NS, 6.1, 5.5 | (123) |
| C57BL/6NCr HFD | Male | 12 months | 1.5mg/kg | IP 1×/week | 684 | b | (99) |
| Ndufs4 −/− | MF | <1 month | 42 ppm | Diet | 52 | 29NS | (124) |
| Ndufs4 −/− | MF | <1 month | 378 ppm | Diet | 52 | 92 | (124) |
| Ndufs4 −/− | MF | <1 month | 8mg/kg | IP 1×/day | 52 | 119 | (124) |
| Rag2 −/− | MF | 3 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 310 | 121 | (125) |
| IFN-γ−/− | MF | 5 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 398 | 34 | (125) |
| C57BLKS/J lepr db/db | Male | 4 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 349 | −16 | (126) |
| C57BLKS/J lepr db/db | Female | 4 months | 14 ppm | Diet | 487 | −18 | (126) |
Notes: The table shows the impact of rapamycin on median lifespan in mouse studies since 2009 where longevity or mortality rate was determined. Sex is listed separately for males and females where sex-specific data exist. The rapamycin dosage listed for dietary administration indicates the drug concentration in the ad libitum fed diet; the dosage listed for administration in water, or administered intraperitoneally (IP) or subcutaneously (SC), indicates the dosage in milligram per kilogram of body weight. Control indicates median lifespan of control group in days; Δ lifespan is the change in median lifespan (* indicates that mean is reported instead). MF indicates that the lifespan results were not broken down by sex or that sex was not reported.
aLifespan study % increase was not determined.
b100% of rapamycin-treated mice survived to 2 years of age vs 40% of control mice.
NSNot statistically significant.
Control lifespan and percentage change are estimated when precise information is not listed in the referenced study.