Table 1.
Bivariable association of need for ART change and potential predictor characteristics
| Predictor | Overall (n = 290) N (%) | Resistant (n = 75)a N (%) | Not resistant or resuppressed (n = 215) N (%) | Unadjusted prevalence OR (95 % CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 0.09 | ||||
| ≤ 30 | 82 (28.3) | 27 (36.0) | 55 (25.6) | 1.64 (0.93–2.87) | |
| > 30 | 208 (71.7) | 48 (64.0) | 160 (74.4) | 1.0 | |
| Sex | 0.3 | ||||
| Male | 154 (53.1) | 36 (48.0) | 118 (54.9) | 0.76 (0.45, 1.28) | |
| Female | 136 (46.9) | 39 (28.7) | 97 (71.3) | 1.0 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.002 | ||||
| Normal/low (<24.9) | 229 (79.0) | 50 (21.8) | 179 (78.2) | 1.0 | |
| High (>25.0) | 31 (21.0) | 25 (41.0) | 36 (59.0) | 2.48 (1.37–4.52) | |
| CD4 at screening, cells/mm3 | 0.12 | ||||
| ≤ 100 | 84 (71.0) | 27 (36.0) | 57 (26.5) | 1.56 (0.89, 2.73) | |
| > 100 | 206 (29.0) | 48 (23.3) | 158 (76.7) | 1.0 | |
| Treatment initiation VL, copies/ml | 0.001 | ||||
| ≤ 100,000 | 135 (46.6) | 23 (17.0) | 112 (83.0) | 1.0 | |
| > 100,000 | 155 (53.4) | 52 (33.5) | 103 (66.5) | 2.46 (1.41, 4.30) | |
| AIDS history | 0.55 | ||||
| Yes | 26 (9.0) | 8 (30.8) | 18 (69.2) | 1.31 (0.54–3.14) | |
| No | 264 (91.0) | 67 (25.4) | 197 (74.6) | 1.0 | |
| History of ART exposure | 0.02 | ||||
| Yes | 4 (1.4) | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | 8.92 (0.91–87.1) | |
| No | 286 (98.6) | 72 (25.2) | 214 (74.8) | 1.0 | |
| History of TB | 0.14 | ||||
| Yes | 60 (20.7) | 11 (18.3) | 49 (81.7) | 1.0 | |
| No | 230 (79.3) | 64 (27.8) | 166 (72.2) | 1.72 (0.84–3.51) | |
| Reported symptoms | 0.22 | ||||
| Yes | 37 (71.2) | 11 (29.7) | 26 (70.3) | 2.75 (0.53–14.3) | |
| No | 15 (28.9) | 2 (13.3) | 13 (86.7) | 1.0 | |
| Imperfect adherence | 0.11 | ||||
| Yes | 67 (25.6) | 22 (32.8) | 45 (67.2) | 1.63 (0.89, 3.00) | |
| No | 195 (74.4) | 45 (23.1) | 150 (76.9) | 1.0 | |
| Pill count, % taken | 0.29 | ||||
| < 80 % | 11 (22.4) | 6 (54.5) | 5 (45.5) | 2.06 (0.53, 8.00) | |
| ≥ 80 % | 38 (77.6) | 14 (36.8) | 24 (63.2) | 1.0 | |
| Regimen frequency | 0.84 | ||||
| Once daily (FTC/TDF/EFV QHS) | 144 (49.7) | 38 (26.4) | 106 (73.6) | 1.06 (0.62, 1.79) | |
| Twice daily (3TC/ZDV BID + EFV QHS) | 146 (50.3) | 37 (25.3) | 109 (74.7) | 1.0 | |
| Time on therapy, monthsb | <0.001 | ||||
| < 7 | 102 (35.2) | 42 (41.2) | 60 (58.8) | 5.1 (2.6–9.8) | |
| 7–12 | 56 (19.3) | 17 (30.4) | 39 (69.6) | 3.2 (1.5–6.8) | |
| > 12 | 132 (45.5) | 16 (12.1) | 116 (87.9) | 1.0 | |
| VLc, copies/ml | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤ 10,000 | 175 (60.4) | 25 (14.3) | 150 (85.7) | 1.0 | |
| 10,001–100,000 | 70 (24.1) | 34 (48.6) | 36 (51.4) | 5.7 (3.0–10.7) | |
| > 100,000 | 45 (15.5) | 16 (35.6) | 29 (64.4) | 3.3 (1.6–6.9) | |
| CD4 at failure, cells/mm3 | 0.18 | ||||
| ≤ 200 | 77 (27.6) | 24 (31.2) | 53 (68.8) | 1.49 (0.83–2.7) | |
| > 200 | 202 (72.4) | 47 (23.3) | 155 (76.7) | 1.0 | |
| Any change in therapy during study | 0.28 | ||||
| Yes | 42 (14.5) | 8 (19.1) | 34 (80.1) | 0.64 (0.38–1.4) | |
| No | 248 (85.5) | 67 (27.0) | 181 (73.0) | 1.0 |
aResistance indicates identified NRTI or NNRTI resistance mutations detected on stored specimens at time of first elevated (>1000 copies/ml) viral load
bTherapy duration defined by days, <7 months is <213; 7–12 months is 212–395, >12 months is >395 days
cViral load at time of first VL ≥1000 copies/ml
3TC lamivudine, ART antiretroviral therapy, BID twice daily, BMI body-mass index, CI confidence interval, EFV efavirenz, FTC emtricitabine, NNRTI non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NRTI nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, OR odds ratio, QHS nightly, TB tuberculosis, TDF tenofovir, VL viral load, ZDV zidovudine