Table 5. Change in serum cortisol concentrationbs as a result of exposure to the music of Mozart, Strauss, or ABBA, compared with controls.

Cortisol level calculations
	Mozart	Strauss	ABBA	Silence
Baseline (mean) value	15.29 µg/dL (± 5.81 µg/dL)
Difference after versus before exposure to music (µg/dL)	–4.56 (± 4.51)	–4.76 (± 4.52)	–3.99 (± 5.02)	–2.39 (± 3.36)
95% confidence interval for mean	[–5.72; –3.39]	[–5.94; –3.58]	[–5.28; –2.69]	[–3.26; –1.52]
p-value for comparison after versus before exposure to music	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
p-value for comparison music versus silence	0.005	0.003	0.037	–

^*1dependent t test; ^*2Mann–Whitney U test