Table 3.
The associations between predictors and paternal depressive symptoms in the Millennium Cohort Study
| Predictors at each sweep | Unadjusteda | Adjustedb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (95 % CI) | p | Coefficient (95 % CI) | p | |
| Predictors (Sweep 1 when child 9-months old) | ||||
| Family context factors | ||||
| Maternal depressive symptoms | 0.17 (0.15-0.19) | <0.001 | 0.11 (0.08 - 0.13) | <0.001 |
| Marital conflict | 1.18 (1.18-1.38) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.01 – 1.23) | <0.001 |
| Child temperament | -0.05 ( -0.07- 0.03) | <0.001 | -0.01 (-0.03- -0.00) | 0.097 |
| Child gender | -0.01 (0.13 – 0.04) | 0.133 | ||
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||
| Paternal education | <0.001 | 0.011 | ||
| No qualifications | reference group | |||
| School level, Degree or higher | -0.17 (-1.42- -0.92) | -0.45 (-0.79- -0.10) | ||
| Ethnic background | 0.028 | |||
| White | reference group | |||
| Indian, Pakistani, & Bangladeshi | 0.23 ( -0.10- 0.56) | |||
| Afro-Caribbean & British afro-Caribbean | -0.80 (-1.46- -0.14) | |||
| Mixed, other | 0.14 ( -0.42- 0.71) | |||
| Fathers work status | ||||
| Employed | reference group | |||
| Unemployed | 1.94 (1.56-2.32) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.41 -1.46) | <0.001 |
| Housing tenure | <0.001 | <0.004 | ||
| Council and private renting, % | Reference group | |||
| home owner, % | -1.40 (-1.62- -1.18) | -0.41 (-0.69- -0.13) | ||
| Family income (per £1000 p.a.) | -2.53 (-2.98- -2.08) | <0.001 | -0.35 (-0.90-0.21) | 0.219 |
| Paternal age | -0.40 (-0.55- -0.25) | <0.001 | -0.08 (-0.25-0.10) | 0.395 |
| Predictors (Sweep 2 when child 3 years old) | ||||
| Family context factors | ||||
| Maternal depressive symptoms | 0.17 (0.14-0.20) | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.05 -0.12) | <0.001 |
| Marital conflict | 1.14 (1.05-1.23) | <0.001 | 1.06 (0.95-1.17) | <0.001 |
| Child temperament | -0.03 (-0.04- -0.01) | <0.001 | -0.01 (-0.02-0.01) | 0.321 |
| Child gender | -0.08 (-0.21- 0.06) | 0.273 | ||
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||
| Paternal education | 0.013 | |||
| No qualifications | reference group | |||
| School level, Degree or higher | -0.30 (-0.53- -0.06) | |||
| Ethnic background | <0.001 | 0.017 | ||
| White | reference group | |||
| Indian, Pakistani, & Bangladeshi | 0.80 (0.45-1.15) | 0.60 (0.03-1.18) | ||
| Afro-Caribbean & British afro-Caribbean | -0.26 (-0.89-0.36) | -0.50 (-1.71-0.70) | ||
| Mixed, other | 0.99 (0.34-1.64) | 0.99 (0.10-1.88) | ||
| Fathers employment | ||||
| Employed | reference group | |||
| Unemployed | 1.81 (1.43-2.19) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.48-1.45) | <0.001 |
| Housing tenure | <0.001 | |||
| Council and private renting, % | reference group | 0.128 | ||
| home owner, % | -1.03 (-1.28- -0.78) | -0.25 (-0.57- -0.07) | ||
| Family income (per £1000 p.a.) | -1.20 (-1.51- -0.88) | <0.001 | -0.25 (-0.13-0.62) | 0.195 |
| Paternal age | -0.18 (-0.31- -0.04) | 0.010 | ||
| Predictors (Sweep 3 when child 5 years old) | ||||
| Family context factors | ||||
| Maternal depressive symptoms | 0.17 (0.14-0.20) | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.04-0.11) | <0.001 |
| Marital conflict | 1.20 (1.10-1.30) | <0.001 | 1.09 (0.96-1.22) | <0.001 |
| Child temperament | -0.02 (-0.04- -0.01) | 0.008 | -0.00 (-0.02-0.02) | 0.987 |
| Child gender | -0.12 (-0.28-0.04) | 0.140 | ||
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||
| Paternal education | <0.001 | 0.878 | ||
| No qualifications | reference group | |||
| School level, Degree or higher | -0.99 (-1.34- -0.65) | 0.03 (-0.37-0.43) | ||
| Ethnic background | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||
| White | reference group | |||
| Indian, Pakistani, & Bangladeshi | 1.01 (0.53-1.49) | 1 .09 (0.45-1.72) | ||
| Afro-Caribbean & British afro-Caribbean | -0.59 (-0.95- -0.23) | -0.36 (-1.12-0.40) | ||
| Mixed, other | 1.62 (0.76-2.47) | 0.73 (-0.13-1.60) | ||
| Fathers employment | ||||
| Employed | reference group | |||
| Unemployed | 3.01 (2.47-3.56) | <0.001 | 2.44 (1.66 -3.22) | <0.001 |
| Housing tenure | <0.001 | 0.366 | ||
| Council and private renting, % | reference group | |||
| home owner, % | -1.41 ( -1.65- -1.17) | -0.18 (-0.57- 0.21) | ||
| Family income (per £1000 p.a.) | -2.08 (-2.48- -1.69) | <0.001 | -0.68 (-1.12 - -0.24) | 0.002 |
| Paternal age | -0.11 (-0.25 - 0 .02) | 0.088 | ||
| Predictors (Sweep 4 when child 7 years old) | ||||
| Family context factors | ||||
| Maternal depressive symptoms | 0.18 (0.14-0.22) | <0.001 | 0.09 (0.04-0.15) | 0.001 |
| Marital conflict | 1.08 (0.97-1.19) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.84-1.15) | <0.001 |
| Child temperament | -0.02 (-0.04- -0.00) | <0.001 | -0.00 (-0.02-0.01) | 0.713 |
| Child gender | -0.14 (-0.31-0.04) | 0.129 | ||
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||
| Paternal education | 0.019 | |||
| No qualifications | reference group | |||
| School level, Degree or higher | -0.66 (-1.04 - -0.28) | |||
| Ethnic background | 0.001 | 0.589 | ||
| White | reference group | |||
| Indian, Pakistani, & Bangladeshi | 1.20 (0.59-1.81) | 0.32 (-0.37-1.01) | ||
| Afro-Caribbean & British afro-Caribbean | -0.01 (-0.68-0.67) | -0.19 (-1.20-0.83) | ||
| Mixed, other | 1.35 (0.15-2.55) | 0.87 (-0.68-2.43) | ||
| Fathers employment | ||||
| Employed | reference group | |||
| Unemployed | 2.78 (2.20-3.37) | <0.001 | 2.40 (1.44-3.37) | <0.001 |
| Housing tenure | <0.001 | 0.066 | ||
| Council and private renting, % | reference group | |||
| home owner, % | -1.28 (-1.59- -0.97) | -0.40 (-0.83 - -0.03) | ||
| Family income (per £1000 p.a.) | -2.01 (-2.43- -1.58) | <0.001 | -0.61 (-1.10- -0.13) | 0.014 |
| Paternal age | -0.10 (-0.26-0.06) | 0.229 | ||
a Sample size ranged from 4612 to 12,396 due to missing data in the variables
b Sample size range was 3833 to 6831