Table 3.

Association between village-level (1) proportion of tested improved community groundwater drinking water sources (tubewells), (2) proportion of tested domestic surface water sources (public ponds) positive for any tested diarrheal pathogen (rotavirus, adenovirus, V. cholerae, Cryptosporidium or Giardia), and (3) detection of specific diarrheal pathogen in improved drinking water tubewells and in community ponds, with observed village-wide under-5 child diarrhea prevalence^a within 6 weeks after sampling.

Tested variables	Number of villages	Relative risk	95% CI		p-value
Village-level proportion of tested improved drinking water sources (i.e. tubewells) positive for any of five tested pathogens	37	2.13	1.25	3.63	<0.01
Village-level proportion of tested surface water sources (i.e. pubic ponds) positive for any of five tested pathogens	36	0.96	0.36	2.53	0.93
Pathogen detected in any tested tubewell water source in the village:
Rotavirus (Y/N)	37	0.92	0.53	1.62	0.78
Adenovirus (Y/N)	37	1.28	0.68	2.43	0.45
V. cholerae (Y/N)	37	1.84	1.19	2.85	<0.01
Cryptosporidium (Y/N)	37	1.18	0.72	1.92	0.52
Giardia (Y/N)	37	1.48	0.89	2.44	0.13
Any pathogenic E. coli (Y/N)	22	–b
Pathogen detected in any tested pond water source in the village:
Rotavirus (Y/N)	36	0.64	0.41	1.02	0.06
Adenovirus (Y/N)	36	–b
V. cholera (Y/N)	36	–c
Cryptosporidium (Y/N)	36	1.09	0.67	1.80	0.73
Giardia (Y/N)	36	1.22	0.60	2.48	0.59
Any pathogenic E. coli (Y/N)	22	1.11	0.58	2.12	0.75

^a7-day recall period prevalence among all under-5 children in the village as measured between 1 and 6 weeks after sampling by the Sanitation Trial (Clasen et al., 2014). Only 37 of 60 study villages had a diarrhea surveillance observation visit between 1 and 6 weeks of sampling. Of these 1 did not have any public ponds, and only 22 were sampled in 2013 when pathogenic E. coli was measured.

^bOnly one sample was positive.

^cAll samples were negative.