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. 2016 Jun 14;11(6):e0157504. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157504

Fig 5. Backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy (BSE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy and resin cast etching.

Fig 5

(A-B) BSE-SEM images of the (A) machined and the (B) laser-modified implants, showing mature, remodelled, osteonal, lamellar bone filling the implant threads. Following biomechanical testing (RTQ), bone detaches from the machined implant surface, resulting in a separation at the bone-implant interface, while a fracture line appears in the bone at some distance from the laser-modified implant surface (black arrowhead). (C-E) Raman metrics evaluated at the level of the first endosteal thread (as indicated in the insert image in B); 1: valley (corresponding to the inner 1/3 of the thread), 2: flank (corresponding to the outer 2/3 of the thread), 3: outside. (F-G) The same threads (as in A-B) are visualised following resin cast etching to confirm the presence of vasculature in the vicinity of the implant surface. The osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (Ot-LCN) communicates with Haversian canals (white arrowheads), as well as extending towards the implant surface.