Table 11.
Inequality in Geographic Endowments across Ethnic Homelands, Ethnic Inequality, and Contemporary Development
| Atlas Narodov Mira (GREG)
|
Ethnologue
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|
Ethnic Inequality (Development) bootstrap s.e. |
−1.2984*** (0.3685) [0.3732] |
−1.2673*** (0.3601) [0.3646] |
−1.2959*** (0.3650) [0.3730] |
−1.0602*** (0.3440) [0.3491] |
−1.1603*** (0.3326) [0.3342] |
−1.1505*** (0.3320) [0.3363] |
−1.2258*** (0.3391) [0.3444] |
−0.7805** (0.3294) [0.3387] |
| Inequality in Geography across Ethnic Homelands (PC) bootstrap s.e. |
−0.0177 (0.0495) [0.0502] |
−0.0753 (0.0719) [0.0735] |
−0.0214 (0.0661) [0.0694] |
−0.0041 (0.0455) [0.0470] |
0.011 (0.0560) [0.0562] |
−0.001 (0.0752) [0.0769] |
0.0632 (0.0737) [0.0770] |
−0.0197 (0.0552) [0.0563] |
| Spatial Inequality in Geography (PC) bootstrap s.e. |
0.0707 (0.0803) [0.0812] |
0.0145 (0.0665) [0.0688] |
||||||
| Inequality in Geography across Admininstrative Units (PC) bootstrap s.e. |
0.005 (0.0804) [0.0822] |
−0.0653 (0.0694) [0.0719] |
||||||
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.663 | 0.662 | 0.660 | 0.707 | 0.662 | 0.660 | 0.661 | 0.705 |
| Observations | 164 | 164 | 164 | 164 | 164 | 164 | 164 | 164 |
| Region Fixed Effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Additional Controls | No | No | No | Levels | No | No | No | Levels |
The table reports cross-country OLS estimates, associating contemporary development with ethnic inequality and inequality in geographic endowments across ethnic homelands. The dependent variable is the log of real GDP per capita in 2000. The ethnic Gini coefficients reflect inequality in lights per capita across ethnic homelands, based on the digitized version of the Atlas Narodov Mira (GREG) in columns (1)–(4) and based on the Ethnologue in columns (5)–(8). The composite index of inequality in geographic endowments is the first principal component of five inequality measures (Gini coefficients) measuring inequality across ethnic/linguistic homelands in distance to the coast, elevation, precipitation, temperature, and land quality for agriculture. The mapping of ethnic homelands follows the digitized version of Atlas Narodov Mira (GREG) in columns (1)–(4) and of Ethnologue in columns (5)–(8). Columns (2) and (6) include a composite index reflecting the overall degree of spatial inequality in geographic endowments. The composite index aggregates (via principal components) Gini coefficients across 2.5 by 2.5 decimal degree boxes/pixels in each country (boxes/pixels intersected by national boundaries and the coastline are of smaller size) in distance to the coast, elevation, precipitation, temperature, and land quality for agriculture. Columns (3) and (7) include a composite index reflecting regional inequality in geographic endowments across administrative units. The composite index aggregates (via principal components) Gini coefficients across first-level administrative units in distance to the coast, elevation, precipitation, temperature, and land quality for agriculture. Columns (4) and (8) include as controls the mean values (for each country) of distance to the coast, elevation, precipitation, temperature, and land quality for agriculture. All specifications include regional fixed effects (constants not reported). The Data Appendix gives detailed variable definitions and data sources. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses in the first-row below the estimates. In the second-row below the estimates we also report bootstrap standard errors that account for the use of a generated (principal component) regressor.
***, **, and * indicate statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively.