Table 3.
Ethnic Inequality and Economic Development Ethnic Inequality and Other Features of Ethnolinguistic Fragmentation, Polarization, and Diversity
| Atlas Narodov Mira (GREG)
|
Ethnologue
|
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
| Ethnic Inequality [Gini Coeff.] | −1.3911*** (0.3511) | −1.6116*** (0.3876) | −1.3987*** (0.3478) | −1.4369*** (0.5274) | −1.3684*** (0.3551) | −1.0716*** (0.2932) | −0.9620*** (0.2942) | −1.0893*** (0.2619) | −1.0477* (0.5808) | −1.0108*** (0.2901) |
| Ethnic/Linguistic Fragmentation | 0.0055 (0.3549) | −0.0061 (0.2943) | ||||||||
| Cultural Fragmentation | −0.3721 (0.3486) | 0.0108 (0.3637) | ||||||||
| Ethno-linguistic Polarization | 0.4442 (1.0061) | 0.6216 (1.0004) | ||||||||
| Ethnic/Linguistic Segregation | −1.3294* (0.7294) | −0.1890 (0.8974) | ||||||||
| Genetic Diversit | 183.0360** (84.5187) | 195.3181** (81.1672) | ||||||||
| Genetic Diversity Squar | −130.1618** (60.2510) | −140.5393** (58.3610) | ||||||||
| Spatial Inequality [Gini Coeff.] | −0.0021 (0.3541) | 0.2096 (0.3717) | −0.0335 (0.3540) | 0.2086 (0.4144) | 0.0615 (0.3407) | −0.1557 (0.3046) | −0.1692 (0.3086) | −0.1878 (0.3072) | 0.1651 (0.4348) | −0.1015 (0.3038) |
| Adjusted R-square | 0.650 | 0.684 | 0.646 | 0.731 | 0.678 | 0.650 | 0.669 | 0.646 | 0.674 | 0.675 |
| Observations | 173 | 150 | 172 | 96 | 157 | 173 | 150 | 172 | 92 | 157 |
| Region Fixed Effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
The table reports cross-country OLS estimates. The dependent variable is the log of real GDP per capita in 2000. The ethnic Gini coefficients reflect inequality in lights per capita across ethnic homelands, based on the digitized version of the Atlas Narodov Mira (GREG) in columns (1)–(5) and based on the Ethnologue in columns (6)–(10). The overall spatial inequality index (Gini coefficient) captures the degree of spatial inequality across 2.5 by 2.5 decimal degree boxes/pixels in each country (boxes intersected by national boundaries and the coastline are of smaller size). Section 2 gives details on the construction of the ethnic inequality and spatial inequality (Gini) indexes. In columns (1) and (6) we control for ethnic and linguistic fragmentation using indicators that reflect the likelihood that two randomly chosen individuals in one country will not be members of the same group (the ethnic fragmentation index in (1) comes from Alesina et al. (2003) and the linguistic fragmentation index in (6) comes from Desmet et al. (2013)). In columns (2) and (7) we control for cultural (linguistic) fragmentation using an index (from Fearon, 2003) that accounts for linguistic distances among groups. In columns (3) and (8) we control for ethnic polarization, using the Montalvo and Reynal-Querol (2005) index. In columns (4) and (9) we control for ethnic and linguistic segregation, respectively, using the measures of Alesina and Zhuravskaya (2011). In columns (5) and (10) we control for the genetic diversity index of Ashraf and Galor (2013). All specifications include regional fixed effects (constants not reported). The Data Appendix gives detailed variable definitions and data sources. Robust standard errors are reported in parentheses below the estimates.
***, **, and * indicate statistical significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% level, respectively.