Table 1.

Summary of polyester-based local anesthetic delivery systems

Material	Physical form	Production process	Local anesthetic
	Film32,33	Solvent casting32,33	Lidocaine32
			Bupivacaine33
	Microparticle32	Drug/polymer solution
	Microcapsule48,51	Spray-dryer45–47	Bupivacaine45–47
		Flow-focused method49–51	Lidocaine49,51
			Bupivacaine50
		O/W emulsion
		Solvent evaporation32,34–42	Lidocaine32,34,37–39,41,42
PLA32,33,35–39,42,43,48,51,53,54,90,91,94,95,101			Bupivacaine35,36,40,41
PLGA34,35,40,41,45–47,49,50,52,54,92,95–103		Double emulsion (water/oil/water) + solvent evaporation42,43,52	Lidocaine42,52
PCL51,93,101			Prilocaine43
		Spray-drying48	Procaine48
		Flow-focused method51	Lidocaine51
		In situ forming particles53,54	Bupivacaine53,54
			Tetracaine54
	Nanoparticle90–99	O/W emulsion90–93	Procaine94–96
	Nanocapsule100–102	Nanoprecipitation94–99	Lidocaine90,91,93
	Nanostructured matrix103	Interfacial deposition100–102	Ropivacaine92
		Electrospinning103	Benzocaine100–102
			Bupivacaine97–99,103

Abbreviations: PLA, poly(lactic acid); PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PCL, poly(ε-caprolactone); O/W, oil/water.