Table 3.
Summary of phospholipid-based LA delivery systems
| Physical form | Production process | Local anesthetic |
|---|---|---|
| Liposomes (LMV) + polymer coating77 | Aqueous suspension of phospholipid films + solvent casting (natural polymers)77 | Bupivacaine77 |
| Liposomes: small unilamellar vesicles78–82 | LMV | |
| Lipid–protein–sugar particles55,85,86 | Freeze-drying78,79 | Lidocaine78 |
| Solid lipid nanoparticles87–89 | Bupivacaine79 | |
| Extrusion81,82 | Proparacaine81 | |
| Ropivacaine82 | ||
| Homogenization80 | Bupivacaine80 | |
| Spray-drying55,85,86 | Bupivacaine55,85,86 | |
| High-pressure homogenization (no organic solvents)87–89 | Tetracaine87,88 | |
| Bupivacaine89 |
Abbreviations: LA, local anesthetic; LMV, large multilamellar vesicle.